Aeneid 1:430-440
Course Notes
Quālis apēs aestāte novā per flōrea rūra 430
exercet sub sōle labor, cum gentis adultōs
ēdūcunt fētūs, aut cum līquentia mella
stīpant et dulcī distendunt nectare cellās,
aut onera accipiunt venientum, aut agmine factō
ignāvom fūcōs pecus ā praesēpibus arcent: 435
fervet opus, redolentque thymō fragrantia mella.
exercet sub sōle labor, cum gentis adultōs
ēdūcunt fētūs, aut cum līquentia mella
stīpant et dulcī distendunt nectare cellās,
aut onera accipiunt venientum, aut agmine factō
ignāvom fūcōs pecus ā praesēpibus arcent: 435
fervet opus, redolentque thymō fragrantia mella.
‘Ō fortunātī, quōrum iam moenia
surgunt!’
Aenēās ait, et fastīgia suspicit urbis.
īnfert sē saeptus nebulā, mīrābile dictū,
per mediōs, miscetque virīs, neque cernitur ūllī. 440
Aenēās ait, et fastīgia suspicit urbis.
īnfert sē saeptus nebulā, mīrābile dictū,
per mediōs, miscetque virīs, neque cernitur ūllī. 440
SUGGESTED WORD ORDER
(A) Qualis labor exercet apes nova aestate per florea
rura sub sole, cum educunt adultos fetus gentis, aut cum stipant liquentia
mella et distendunt cellas dulci nectare, (B) aut accipiunt onera
venient[i]um [apium], aut agmine facto arcent frucos, ignavum pecus, a
praesepibus opus fervet [et] fragrantia mella redolent thymo. (C) Aeneas ait “O fortunate [Tyrii],
quorum moenia iam surgunt!” et suspicit fastigial Urbis. Saeptus nebula (mirabile dictu!) infert se
per medios [viros et] miscet [se] viris [sed] neque cernitur ulli.
CALDWELL
(A) They were like bees at the onset of summer, working
in flowery fields under the sun, when they lead out the young adults of the race,
or store the liquid honey and fill the comb with sweet nectar, (B) or
receive the burden of returning bees, or band together to drive the lazy crowd
of drones from their hive; their tiny city buzzes with activity and the honey
is fragrant with thyme. (C) “Fortunate
people, whose walls now rise!” Aeneas said, as he looked at the heights of the
city. He walked through the center, wrapped
in the miraculous cloud and seen by none of those he met.
Qualis apes aestate
nova per florea
rura
430
exercet sub sole labor,…
nova aestate ablative of time when
exercet sub sole labor,…
nova aestate ablative of time when
“Qualis,” introducing the epic simile
and qualifying the subject “labor” in the following line, is nominative
singular masculine of qualis, quale, “of such a kind as,
just as, such as.” “apes,” direct object of “exercet” in the following
line, is accusative plural of apis, apis, f. (3rd),
“bee.” “aestate” is ablative singular of aestas, aestatis, f. (3rd),
“summer”; ablative of time when. The adjective “nova,” modifying
“aestate,” is ablative singular of novus, nova, novum, “new,
fresh, young, early.” The preposition “per”+accusative governs
“rura.” The adjective “florea,” qualifying “rura,” is accusative plural
neuter of floreus, florea, floreum, “flowery.”
“rura,”governed by “per”, is accusative plural of rus, ruris, n.
(3rd), fields, rural area, country (as opposed to city).
“exercet,” agreeing with its subject “labor,” is third person singular present indicative active of exerceo, exercere, exercui, exercitum, “to keep busy, work hard and steadily, work with discipline.” The preposition “sub”+ablative controls “sole.” “sole” is ablative singular of sol, solis, m. (3rd), “sun.”
…cum gentis adultos 431
educunt fetus,…
The temporal conjunction “cum”= “when”; governs “educunt” in the following line. “gentis” is genitive singular of gens, gentis, f. (3rd), “race, clan, family.” The adjective “adultos,” modifying “fetus” in the following line, is accusative plural masculine of adultus, adulta, adultum, “mature, grown up.”
“educunt,” agreeing with its subject “apes” at 430, is third person plural present indicative active of educo, educere, eduxi, eductum, “to lead out, lead forth.” “fetus,” the direct object of “educunt,” is accusative plural of fetus, fetus, m (4th), “offspring.”
…aut cum liquentia mella 432
stipant et dulci distendunt nectare cellas,
aut onera accipiunt venientum, aut agmine facto
ignavom fucos pecus a praesepibus arcent: 435
fervet opus, redolentque thymo fragrantia mella.
liquentia mella poetic plural; translate as singular
“exercet,” agreeing with its subject “labor,” is third person singular present indicative active of exerceo, exercere, exercui, exercitum, “to keep busy, work hard and steadily, work with discipline.” The preposition “sub”+ablative controls “sole.” “sole” is ablative singular of sol, solis, m. (3rd), “sun.”
…cum gentis adultos 431
educunt fetus,…
The temporal conjunction “cum”= “when”; governs “educunt” in the following line. “gentis” is genitive singular of gens, gentis, f. (3rd), “race, clan, family.” The adjective “adultos,” modifying “fetus” in the following line, is accusative plural masculine of adultus, adulta, adultum, “mature, grown up.”
“educunt,” agreeing with its subject “apes” at 430, is third person plural present indicative active of educo, educere, eduxi, eductum, “to lead out, lead forth.” “fetus,” the direct object of “educunt,” is accusative plural of fetus, fetus, m (4th), “offspring.”
…aut cum liquentia mella 432
stipant et dulci distendunt nectare cellas,
aut onera accipiunt venientum, aut agmine facto
ignavom fucos pecus a praesepibus arcent: 435
fervet opus, redolentque thymo fragrantia mella.
liquentia mella poetic plural; translate as singular
dulci nectare ablative of means
agmine facto
ablative absolute, “as if arrayed in an armed column”
thymo
ablative of means
“aut” in an “aut…aut”
construction: “either…or…” “whether…or…” The temporal conjunction
“cum” controls “stipant” and “distendunt” in the following line.
“liquentia,” agreeing with “mella,” is accusative plural participle of the
intransitive deponent liquor, liqui (3rd),
“to flow, to melt away.” “mella,” direct object of “stipant” in the
following line, is accusative plural of mel, melis, n. (3rd),
“honey, sweetness.”
“stipant” is third person plural present indicative active of stipo, stipare, stipavi, stipatum (1st), “to press together; cram, stuff, fill”; subject is “apes.” The conjunction “et” joins “stipant” and “distendunt.” The adjective “dulci,” modifying “nectare,” is ablative singular of dulcis, dulce(3rd), “sweet, pleasant.” “distendunt” is third person plural present indicative active of distendo, distendere, distendi, distentum (3rd), “to stretch out; subject is “apes.” “nectare” is ablative singular of nectar, nectaris, n. (3rd), “nectar; the drink of the gods.” Instrumental ablative. “cellas,” the direct object of “distendunt,” is accusative plural of cella, cellae, f. (1st), “cell, chamber.”
“aut” continues the “aut…aut” construction initiated at 432. “onera,” direct object of “accipiunt,” is accusative plural of onus, oneris, n. (3rd), “burden, freight, cargo.” “accipiunt” is third person plural present indicative active of accipio, accipere, accepi acceptum (3rd), “to receive; to accept,” subject is “apes.” “venientum,” qualifying “onera,” is genitive present participle of venio, venire, veni, ventum (4th), “to come, to arrive.” “aut” continues the “aut…aut…” construction. “agmine,” in an ablative absolute construction,” is ablative singular of agmen, agminis, n. (3rd), “stream, column; army on the march.” The participle “facto,” in ablative absolute construction, is ablative singular of the perfect participle of fio, fieri, factus sum, “to be made, to become.”
The adjective “ignavom,” modifying “pecus,” is accusative singular neuter of ignavus, ignava, ignavum, “lazy.” “fucos,” direct object of “arcent,” is accusative plural of fucus, fuci, m. (2nd), “drone.” The preposition “a”+ ablative governs “praesepibus”; “ablative of separation. “praesepibus” is ablative plural of praesepe, praesepis, f. (3rd), “beehive.” “arcent” is third person plural present indicative active of arceo, arcere, arcui, “to shut in or up, enclose, confine.”
“fervet” is third person singular present indicative active of the intransitive ferveo, fervere, ferbui, “to be aglow”; subject is “opus.” “opus” is nominative of opus, operis, n. (3rd), “work, task.” “redolent” is third person plural present indicative active of the intransitive redoleo, redolere, redolui, “to smell of”; the subject is “mella.” “thymo,” ablative singular of thymum, thymi, n. (2nd), “thyme.” “fragrantia,” agreeing with is present participle of fragro, fragrare, fragravi, fragratum (1st), “to smell sweet.” “mella,” subject of “redolent,” is nominative plural of mel, mellis, n. (3rd), “honey.”
'O fortunati, quorum iam moenia surgunt!' 437
Aeneas ait, et fastigia suspicit urbis.
“O”: vocative exclamatory particle. The adjective “fortunati” is vocative plural of fortunatus, fortunata, fortunatum, “fortunate.” The relative pronoun “quorum,” agreeing with its antecedent “fortunati” and limiting “moenia,” is genitive plural masculine of qui, quae, quod; possessive genitive. The temporal adverb “iam”=already; modifies “surgunt.” “moenia,” subject of “surgunt,” is nominative plural of moenia, moenium, n. (3rd), “wall.” “surgunt,” agreeing with its subject “moenia,” is third person plural present indicative active of surgo, surgere, surrexi, surrectum, “to rise, arise, grow up.”
“Aeneas”: nominative subject of “ait” and “suspicit.” “ait” is third person singular present indicative active of the defective aio, “to say.” “et”: conjunction linking “ait” to “suspicit.” “fastigia,” direct object of “suspicit,” is accusative plural of fastigium, fastigii, n. (2nd), “roof; summit or highest point of a building.” “suspicit” is third person singular present indicative active of suspicio, suspicere, suspexi, suspectum (3rd), “to gaze up, look up to; to admire”; subject is “Aeneas.” “urbis,” a possessive genitive limiting “fastigia,” is genitive singular of urbs, urbis, f. (3rd), “city, walled town, citadel.”
Infert se saeptus nebula, mirabile dictu,
per medios, miscetque viris, neque cernitur ulli. 440
“stipant” is third person plural present indicative active of stipo, stipare, stipavi, stipatum (1st), “to press together; cram, stuff, fill”; subject is “apes.” The conjunction “et” joins “stipant” and “distendunt.” The adjective “dulci,” modifying “nectare,” is ablative singular of dulcis, dulce(3rd), “sweet, pleasant.” “distendunt” is third person plural present indicative active of distendo, distendere, distendi, distentum (3rd), “to stretch out; subject is “apes.” “nectare” is ablative singular of nectar, nectaris, n. (3rd), “nectar; the drink of the gods.” Instrumental ablative. “cellas,” the direct object of “distendunt,” is accusative plural of cella, cellae, f. (1st), “cell, chamber.”
“aut” continues the “aut…aut” construction initiated at 432. “onera,” direct object of “accipiunt,” is accusative plural of onus, oneris, n. (3rd), “burden, freight, cargo.” “accipiunt” is third person plural present indicative active of accipio, accipere, accepi acceptum (3rd), “to receive; to accept,” subject is “apes.” “venientum,” qualifying “onera,” is genitive present participle of venio, venire, veni, ventum (4th), “to come, to arrive.” “aut” continues the “aut…aut…” construction. “agmine,” in an ablative absolute construction,” is ablative singular of agmen, agminis, n. (3rd), “stream, column; army on the march.” The participle “facto,” in ablative absolute construction, is ablative singular of the perfect participle of fio, fieri, factus sum, “to be made, to become.”
The adjective “ignavom,” modifying “pecus,” is accusative singular neuter of ignavus, ignava, ignavum, “lazy.” “fucos,” direct object of “arcent,” is accusative plural of fucus, fuci, m. (2nd), “drone.” The preposition “a”+ ablative governs “praesepibus”; “ablative of separation. “praesepibus” is ablative plural of praesepe, praesepis, f. (3rd), “beehive.” “arcent” is third person plural present indicative active of arceo, arcere, arcui, “to shut in or up, enclose, confine.”
“fervet” is third person singular present indicative active of the intransitive ferveo, fervere, ferbui, “to be aglow”; subject is “opus.” “opus” is nominative of opus, operis, n. (3rd), “work, task.” “redolent” is third person plural present indicative active of the intransitive redoleo, redolere, redolui, “to smell of”; the subject is “mella.” “thymo,” ablative singular of thymum, thymi, n. (2nd), “thyme.” “fragrantia,” agreeing with is present participle of fragro, fragrare, fragravi, fragratum (1st), “to smell sweet.” “mella,” subject of “redolent,” is nominative plural of mel, mellis, n. (3rd), “honey.”
'O fortunati, quorum iam moenia surgunt!' 437
Aeneas ait, et fastigia suspicit urbis.
“O”: vocative exclamatory particle. The adjective “fortunati” is vocative plural of fortunatus, fortunata, fortunatum, “fortunate.” The relative pronoun “quorum,” agreeing with its antecedent “fortunati” and limiting “moenia,” is genitive plural masculine of qui, quae, quod; possessive genitive. The temporal adverb “iam”=already; modifies “surgunt.” “moenia,” subject of “surgunt,” is nominative plural of moenia, moenium, n. (3rd), “wall.” “surgunt,” agreeing with its subject “moenia,” is third person plural present indicative active of surgo, surgere, surrexi, surrectum, “to rise, arise, grow up.”
“Aeneas”: nominative subject of “ait” and “suspicit.” “ait” is third person singular present indicative active of the defective aio, “to say.” “et”: conjunction linking “ait” to “suspicit.” “fastigia,” direct object of “suspicit,” is accusative plural of fastigium, fastigii, n. (2nd), “roof; summit or highest point of a building.” “suspicit” is third person singular present indicative active of suspicio, suspicere, suspexi, suspectum (3rd), “to gaze up, look up to; to admire”; subject is “Aeneas.” “urbis,” a possessive genitive limiting “fastigia,” is genitive singular of urbs, urbis, f. (3rd), “city, walled town, citadel.”
Infert se saeptus nebula, mirabile dictu,
per medios, miscetque viris, neque cernitur ulli. 440
mirabile dictu supine as ablative of respect with mirabile, “marvelous to relate”
per medios [viros] “through the midst of the crowd”
viris
poetic dative used instead of cum viris, “among, with the men.”
ulli
dative of agent
“infert” is third person singular present indicative active of infero, inferre, intulik inlatum, “to bring, bear, carry in”; subject is “Aeneas.” The reflexive pronoun “se,” referring to “Aeneas,” is accusative singular; direct object of “infert.” “saeptus,” agreeing with “Aeneas,” is nominative of the perfect passive participle of saepio, saepire, saepsi, saeptum (4th), “to enclose, surround, protect, envelop.” “nebula” is ablative singular of nebula, nebulae, f. (1st), “mist, cloud”; instrumental ablative. “mirabile dictu”= “miraculous to say, amazing to relate”; see Ganiban notes 439 and 111.
The preposition “per”+ accusative governs “medios.” The adjective “medios,” modifying “Tyrios” understood, is accusative plural masculine of medius, media, medium, “middle, in the middle.” “miscet” is third person singular present indicative active of misceo, miscere, miscui, mixtum, “to mingle, to mix in with.” “-que” links “infert” in the previous line with “miscet.” “viris” is dative plural of vir, viri, m. (2nd), “man.” The negative conjunction “neque” joins “miscet” with “cernitur.” “cernitur” is third person singular present indicative passive of cerno, cernere, crevi, cretum, “to discern, see distinctly, perceive.” The adjective “ulli” is dative plural masculine ofullus, ulla, ullum, “any”; dative of agent.
“infert” is third person singular present indicative active of infero, inferre, intulik inlatum, “to bring, bear, carry in”; subject is “Aeneas.” The reflexive pronoun “se,” referring to “Aeneas,” is accusative singular; direct object of “infert.” “saeptus,” agreeing with “Aeneas,” is nominative of the perfect passive participle of saepio, saepire, saepsi, saeptum (4th), “to enclose, surround, protect, envelop.” “nebula” is ablative singular of nebula, nebulae, f. (1st), “mist, cloud”; instrumental ablative. “mirabile dictu”= “miraculous to say, amazing to relate”; see Ganiban notes 439 and 111.
The preposition “per”+ accusative governs “medios.” The adjective “medios,” modifying “Tyrios” understood, is accusative plural masculine of medius, media, medium, “middle, in the middle.” “miscet” is third person singular present indicative active of misceo, miscere, miscui, mixtum, “to mingle, to mix in with.” “-que” links “infert” in the previous line with “miscet.” “viris” is dative plural of vir, viri, m. (2nd), “man.” The negative conjunction “neque” joins “miscet” with “cernitur.” “cernitur” is third person singular present indicative passive of cerno, cernere, crevi, cretum, “to discern, see distinctly, perceive.” The adjective “ulli” is dative plural masculine ofullus, ulla, ullum, “any”; dative of agent.
DICKINSON COLLEGE
COMMENTARY
Aeneid 1.430-440
430: qualis...labor: the corresponding talis is
not expressed (F-B). The antecedent being supplied, the sentence will be talis
labor eos exercebat qualis apes exercet. The English idiom omits the
noun, labor, in the second clause (Frieze). aestate nova: “in
early summer” (F-B).
431: sub
sole: “in
the sunshine” (Chase).
432:
liquentia: from liquor, not liqueo (F-B). mella
stipant: this expression seems to be explained by the words
following, dulci distendunt nectare cellas, but it is possible that
Vergil uses mella of the pollen or bee-bread. Every bee-keeper
has seen the bee go back into the cell and unload the pollen from his
pollen-baskets; very soon afterward another bee will go into the same cell head
first and carefully pack down (stipo) the lumps of plastic pollen just
deposited there (F-B).
433:
stipant: “mass
together” (Jerram); “pack” (Sidgwick).
434:
venientum: = venientium (F-B) (AG 121b.2). I.e., of
those that come to the hive from time to time (Knapp). agmine facto: “in
a marshalled band,” abl. abs. (Robertson).
435:
fucos: “drones”
(F-B). Order: arcent fucos, ignavum pecus, etc.(Chase).
436:
fervet opus: “the work is briskly carried on” (Robertson). thymo: abl.
after redolent (Robertson) (AG 403). The honey of
Southern Europe is extremely fragrant of thyme and other high-scented flowers
(Chase).
437:
fortunati: understand sunt (Bennett). iam: “even
now”; in contrast with the fortune of Aeneas, whose promised walls of Lavinium (258) are not yet begun
(Frieze). quorum: the antecedent is ei understood,
the subject of sunt (Bennett).
438: suspicit: “looks
up at.” We thus learn that Aeneas has descended from the hill (419) (F-B).
439:
mirabile dictu: “wonderful to relate,” dictu supine
in u from dico (Robertson) (AG 510).
440: medios: supply viros (Frieze). miscet: supply se (Frieze). viris: “with
the people.” Dative (F-B) (AG 413a note). ulli: for ab
ullo (Frieze). Poetical dat. of the agent with cernitur (Chase)
(AG 375a).
Virgil Aeneid 1.430-440 Scansion*
quālĭs ăp|ēs aēs|tātĕ || nŏv|ā pēr| flōrĕă| rūră430
ēxēr|cēt sūb| sōlĕ || lăb|ōr, cūm| gēntĭs ăd|ūltōs
ēdūc|ūnt fēt|ūs, || aūt| cūm lī|quēntĭă| mēllă
stīpān|t ēt dūl|cī || dīs|tēndūn|t nēctărĕ| cēllās,
aūt ŏnĕr|a āccĭpĭ|ūnt || vĕnĭ|ēntum, aūt| āgmĭnĕ| fāctō
īgnāv|ūm fūc|ōs || pĕcŭs| ā praēs|ēpĭbŭs| ārcēnt;435
fērvĕt ŏp|ūs rĕdŏl|ēntquĕ || thŷm|ō frāg|lāntĭă| mēllă.
“ō fōr|tūnāt|ī, || quōr|ūm iām| moēnĭă| sūrgūnt!”
Aēnē|ās ăĭt| ēt || fās|tīgĭă| sūspĭcĭt| ūrbĭs.
īnfēr|t sē saēp|tūs || nĕbŭl|ā (mīr|ābĭlĕ| dīctū)
pēr mĕdĭ|ōs, mīs|cētquĕ || vĭr|īs nĕquĕ| cērnĭtŭr| ūllī.440
*With acknowledgment and thanks to https:hands-up-education.org/aplatin.html
for making this resource available
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