Wheelock 26
Comparision of Adjectives; Ablative of Comparison
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Outline
POSITIVE DEGREE
·
Adjective forms learned thus far:
o
Basic characteristic, such as
· Quality, or
· Quantity
§ Plus
· The modified noun
o
vir beatus, “a happy man.”
·
This form of adjective is known as an adjective of the positive degree
COMPARATIVE DEGREE
·
In Latin, as in Engish, an adjective may be “compared”
o
To indicate whether a person or thing being described has
§ a greater degree of a particular characteristic than some
other person or thing, or
§ more than is usual or
customary.
o
When comparing a person/thing with just one other, the comparative degree is used
§ vir beatior, “the happier man”
SUPERLATIVE DEGREE
o
WHEN comparing with 2 or more others, the superlative degree is employed
§ vir beatissimus, “the happiest man”
FORMATION OF COMPARATIVES AND SUPERLATIVES
·
The form of the positive degree is learned from the vocabulary
·
The comparative and superlative forms add suffixes to the base of the positive
·
Comparative
o
Base + -ior (m&f) –ius (n); -ioris (gen)
·
Superlative
o
Base + -issimus, -issima,
-issimum
POSITIVE
|
COMPARATIVE
|
SUPERLATIVE
|
carus, -a, -um
|
carior, -ius
|
carissimus, -a, -um
|
longus, -a, -um
|
longior, -ius
|
longissimus, -a, -um
|
fortis, -e
|
fortior, ius
|
fortissimus, -a, -um
|
· Some adjectives are compared
by adding magis and maxime to the positive
o
idoneus –a –um
§ magis
idoneus
§ maxime
idoneus
DECLENSION OF COMPARATIVES
·
Declension of superlatives follows pattern of magnus, -a, -um
·
Declension of comparatives
o
2-ending adjectives of 3rd declension
§ not i-stems
·
i.e., they do not have
o
–i ablative singular
o
–ium genitive plural
o
–ia neuter nominative and
accusative plural
|
Singular
M&F
|
Singular
N
|
Plural
M&F
|
Plural
N
|
N
|
fortior
|
fortius
|
fortiores
|
fortiora
|
G
|
fortioris
|
fortioris
|
fortiorum
|
fortiorum
|
D
|
Fortiori
|
Fortiori
|
fortioribus
|
fortioribus
|
Ac
|
Fortiorem
|
Fortius
|
fortiores
|
fortiora
|
Ab
|
Fortiore
|
Fortiore
|
fortioribus
|
fortioribus
|
QUAM WITH COMPARATIVES AND
SUPERLATIVES
·
When quam follows a comparative degree adjectives
= “than”: Hi libri sunt clariores quam illi; Dicit hos libros esse
clariores quam illos
·
When quam precedes a superlative, it
functions adverbially and =greatest possibe degree of a particular
quality: Amicus meus erat vir quam iucundissimus
ABLATIVE OF COMPARISON
·
When first element compared nominative
or accusative omit quam and second element in
ablative: Consilia tua sunt clariora luce; quis in Italia erat clarior Cicerone; Paucos feliciores patre tuo vidi.
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