Wheelock 24 Passive Periphrastic One Page Outline

Wheelock 24:  Passive Periphrastic

One Page Outline

PASSIVE PERIPHRASTIC

·      Passive verb form consisting of

o   The gerundive=future passive participle, plus

o   a form of the verb sum

·      The gerundive, due to its adjectival nature

o   Agrees with the subject of sum in

§  Gender

§  Number

§  Case

·      Example:

o   Haec femina laudanda est, “This woman is to be praised [=this woman is praiseworthy.” 

·      Gerundive often conveys the idea of an action which is

§  Necessary

§  Obligatory

§  Appropriate

o   As opposed to simple futurity; this is the case with the passive periphrastic.

§  Example:

§  Id faciendum est =

·      NOT simply “this is about to be done,” but

·      This MUST be done

§  Id faciendum erat = This HAD TO be done

§  Id faciendum erit = This WILL HAVE to be done

·      Where latin uses the auxiliary verb sum in this construction, English commonlyuses

o   “has to be”

o   “had to be”

o   “will have to be”

o   also:  should, ought, must.

EXAMPLES:  

·      Āciēs instruenda erat

o   A bat le line had to be set up.

·      Karthago delenda est.                                                              

·       

o   Carthage must be destroyed.                                    

·       

o   Carthage has to be destroyed.                                                        

·       

o   Carthage should be destroyed.                                                         

·       

o   Carthage needs to be destroyed.