Wheelock 26 Comparison of Adjectives and Ablative of Comparison One Page Outline

Wheelock 26 Comparision of Adjectives; Ablative of Comparison

One Page Outline

         POSITIVE DEGREE

·       Adjective forms learned thus far:

o    Basic characteristic, such as

·       Quality, or

·       Quantity

§  Plus

·       The modified noun

o   vir beatus, “a happy man.”

·       This form of adjective is known as an adjective of the positive degree

COMPARATIVE DEGREE

·       In Latin, as in Engish, an adjective may be “compared”

o   To indicate whether a person or thing being described has

§   a greater degree of a particular characteristic than some other person or thing, or

§  more than is usual or customary.

o   When comparing a person/thing with just one other, the comparative degree is used

§  vir beatior, “the happier man”

SUPERLATIVE DEGREE

o   WHEN comparing with 2 or more others, the superlative degree is employed

§  vir beatissimus, “the happiest man”

FORMATION OF COMPARATIVES AND SUPERLATIVES

·       The form of the positive degree is learned from the vocabulary

·       The comparative and superlative forms add suffixes to the base of the positive

·       Comparative

o   Base + -ior (m&f) –ius (n); -ioris (gen)

·       Superlative

o   Base + -issimus, -issima, -issimum

POSITIVE	COMPARATIVE	SUPERLATIVE
carus, -a, -um	carior, -ius	carissimus, -a, -um
longus, -a, -um	longior, -ius	longissimus, -a, -um
fortis, -e	fortior, ius	fortissimus, -a, -um

·       Some adjectives are compared by adding magis and maxime to the positive

o   idoneus –a –um

§  magis idoneus

§  maxime idoneus

DECLENSION OF COMPARATIVES

·       Declension of superlatives follows pattern of magnus, -a, -um

·       Declension of comparatives

o   2-ending adjectives of 3^rd declension

§  not i-stems

·       i.e., they do not have

o   –i ablative singular

o   –ium genitive plural

o   –ia neuter nominative and accusative plural

	Singular M&F	Singular N	Plural M&F	Plural N
N	fortior	fortius	fortiores	fortiora
G	fortioris	fortioris	fortiorum	fortiorum
D	Fortiori	Fortiori	fortioribus	fortioribus
Ac	Fortiorem	Fortius	fortiores	fortiora
Ab	Fortiore	Fortiore	fortioribus	fortioribus

QUAM WITH COMPARATIVES AND SUPERLATIVES

·       When quam follows a comparative degree adjectives = “than”:  Hi libri sunt clariores quam illi; Dicit hos libros esse clariores  quam illos

·       When quam precedes a superlative, it functions adverbially and =greatest possibe degree of a particular quality:  Amicus meus erat vir quam iucundissimus

ABLATIVE OF COMPARISON

·       When first element compared nominative or accusative omit quam and second element in ablative:  Consilia tua sunt clariora luce; quis in Italia erat clarior Cicerone; Paucos feliciores patre tuo vidi.

Caesar De Bello Gallico 5 26 Course Notes

Latin III:  Caesar, De Bello Gallico

Instructor:  James Ransom

March 26, 2014

Caesar, DBG 5:26

Course Notes
© 2014 James Ransom, M.A., J.D.

[26]          1         Diebus circiter XV, quibus in hiberna ventum est, initium repentini tumultus ac defectionis ortum est ab Ambiorige et Catuvolco;         2         qui, cum ad fines regni sui Sabino Cottaeque praesto fuissent frumentumque in hiberna comportavissent, Indutiomari Treveri nuntiis impulsi suos concitaverunt subitoque oppressis lignatoribus magna manu ad castra oppugnatum venerunt.          3         Cum celeriter nostri arma cepissent vallumque adscendissent atque una ex parte Hispanis equitibus emissis equestri proelio superiores fuissent, desperata re hostes suos ab oppugnatione reduxerunt.         4         Tum suo more conclamaverunt, uti aliqui ex nostris ad colloquium prodiret: habere sese, quae de re communi dicere vellent, quibus rebus controversias minui posse sperarent.

1            Diebus circiter XV, quibus in hiberna ventum est, initium repentini tumultus ac defectionis ortum est ab Ambiorige et Catuvolco Roughly 15 days after they [i.e., Caesar’s troops] had settled into winter quarters, Ambiorix and Catuvolcus instigated a sudden outburst of riot and rebellion; “ortum est” is a neuter perfect of the deponent orior, orire, ortus, “to rise up, spring up.”  Literally, “tumult and revolt rose up from Ambiorix and Catuvolco.”  “ventum est” is an impersonal passive; literally, “during which it was come into winter quarters,” which is unintelligible. 

2            qui, cum ad fines regni sui Sabino Cottaeque praesto fuissent frumentumque in hiberna comportavissent These two, though they had paid honor to Sabinus and Cotta at the border of their kingdom and had brought grain to the winter camp; “comportavissent” is third person plural pluperfect subjunctive active of comporto, comportare, comportavi, comportatum, “to carry, transport, convey.”  “fuissent” is third person plural pluperfect subjunctive active of sum, esse, fui, futurus.  “praesto fuissent”:  see Steadman’s note.  “cum”is concessive. 

Indutiomari Treveri nuntiis impulsi suos concitaverunt having been goaded on by messengers from Indutiomarus of the Treveri, they whipped up their own tribe; “concitaverunt” is third person plural perfect active indicative of concito, concitare, concitavi, concitatum, “to rouse or agitate.”

subitoque oppressis lignatoribus magna manu ad castra oppugnatum venerunt and  they suddenly attacked a wood-gathering detail, and then many men converged to storm the camp; “venerunt” is third person plural perfect indicative active of venio, venire, veni, ventum, “to come, approach.” “oppugnatum” is perfect passive participle of oppugno, oppugnare, oppugnavi, oppugnatum, “to attack, assault, storm, besiege”; see Steadman’s note.  “oppressis” is perfect passive participle (in an ablative absolute construction) of opprimo, opprimere, oppressi, oppressum, “to press down upon, take by surprise.” 

3            Cum celeriter nostri arma cepissent vallumque adscendissent But once our men had swiftly armed and manned the rampart; “adscendissent” is third person plural pluperfect subunctive active of adscendo, adscendere, adscendi, adscensum, “to climb up, ascend.” 

“cepissent” is third person plural pluperfect subjunctive active of capio, capere, cepi, captum, “to seize, take up.” 

atque una ex parte Hispanis equitibus emissis equestri proelio superiores fuissent and the Spanish cavalry had been ordered to the attack as one column and had been victorious in a clash with the mounted enemy force; “fuissent” is third person plural pluperfect subjunctive active of sum, esse, fui, futurus.  “emissis”: participle in ablative absolute construction, “sent forth.”  “una ex parte”=literally, “from one side.”

desperata re hostes suos ab oppugnatione reduxerunt the enemy abandoned all hope and withdrew its men from the siege ; “reduxerunt” is third person plural perfect indicative active of reduco, reducere, reduxi, reductum, “to withdraw, retreat.” 

4            Tum suo more conclamaverunt, uti aliqui ex nostris ad colloquium prodiret Then, as is their typical tactic, they hollered out demanding that someone from our camp come out and parley; “prodiret” is third person singular imperfect subjunctive active of prodio, prodire, prodii, proditum, “come forth, appear.”  “conclamaverunt” is third person plural perfect indicative active of conclamo, conclamare, conclamavi, conclamatum, “to shout or cry out.”  

habere sese, quae de re communi dicere vellent, quibus rebus controversias minui posse sperarent protesting that they had a plan of mutual advantage that they hoped might clear up any misunderstandings; “sperarent” is third person plural imperfect subjunctive active of spero, sperare, speravi, speratum, “to hope, expect.” “vellent” is third person plural imperfect subjunctive active of volo, velle, volui, “to wish, want, intend.”  “dicere” is present infinitive of dico, dicere, dixi, dictum.  “habere” is present infinitive of habeo, habere, habui, habitum.  “habere sese”:  see Steadman’s note.  

Latin III Course Schedule for Week of March 24 2014

Latin III:  Caesar, De Bello Gallico

Instructor:  James Ransom

March 23, 2014

Week of March 24, 2014

Course Schedule

Tuesday, March 25

Caesar DBG 5:24                        Roman Winter Quarters

Ritchie Hercules 23 3^rd Labor:     Cerynean Stag

Third Conjugation Verbs Quiz:  Take 2

Wednesday, March 26

Caesar DBG 5:25-26.3                   Tasgetius is Killed and Ambiorix Revolts

Freeman Chapter 14                        Abe will lead class discussion

Thursday, March 27

Wheelock 26                        Comparison of Adjectives; Ablative of Compasiron

Wheelock 27                        Irregular Comparison of Adjectives

Third Declension Nouns Quiz

Caesar De Bello Gallico 5 25 Course Notes

Latin III:  Caesar, De Bello Gallico

Instructor:  James Ransom

March 22, 2014

Caesar, DBG 5:25

Course Notes

© 2014 James Ransom, M.A., J.D.

[25]          1         Erat in Carnutibus summo loco natus Tasgetius, cuius maiores in sua civitate regnum obtinuerant.         2         Huic Caesar pro eius virtute atque in se benevolentia, quod in omnibus bellis singulari eius opera fuerat usus, maiorum locum restituerat.          3         Tertium iam hunc annum regnantem inimici, multis palam ex civitate eius auctoribus, eum interfecerunt.         4         Defertur ea res ad Caesarem. Ille veritus, quod ad plures pertinebat, ne civitas eorum impulsu deficeret, Lucium Plancum cum legione ex Belgio celeriter in Carnutes proficisci iubet ibique hiemare quorumque opera cognoverat Tasgetium interfectum, hos comprehensos ad se mittere.         5         Interim ab omnibus legatis quaestoreque, quibus legiones tradiderat, certior factus est in hiberna perventum locumque hibernis esse munitum.

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[25]             1            Erat in Carnutibus summo loco natus Tasgetius, cuius maiores in sua civitate regnum obtinuerant. There was among the Carnutes a chieftain named Tasgetius, whose forefathers had in days past held a tight grip on rule in their kingdom; “obtinuerant” is third person plural pluperfect indicative active of obtineo obtinere, obtinui, obtentum, “to have possess, keep, persist in.” 

2            Huic Caesar pro eius virtute atque in se benevolentia, quod in omnibus bellis singulari eius opera fuerat usus, maiorum locum restituerat.  This man had been a unique asset to Caesar throughout many campaigns, and in return, Caesar had restored Tasgetius to the eminence of his ancestors.  “restituerat” is third person singular pluperfect indicative active of restituo, restituere, restitui, restitutum, “to restore revive.”  “fuerat” is third person singular luperfect indicative active of sum, esse, fui, futurus.  “usus” is perfect passive participle of the deponent utor, uti, usus sum, “to use, employ.”

3            Tertium iam hunc annum regnantem inimici, multis palam ex civitate eius auctoribus, eum interfecerunt But in the third year of his reign, his enemies assassinated Tasgetius, with the brazen complicity of many of his own citizens; “interfecerunt” is third person plural perfect indicative active of interficio, interficere, interfeci, interfectum, “to kill, destroy.” 

4            Defertur ea res ad Caesarem. Ille veritus, quod ad plures pertinebat, ne civitas eorum impulsu deficeret This news was reported to Caesar.  He began to fear that, given the large numbers involved, the assassins might goad the masses to revolt;  “deficeret” is third person singular imperfect subjunctive active of deficio, deficere, defeci, defectum, “to forsake, desert, abandon.”  “impulsu”:  see Steadman’s note.  “pertinebat” is third person plural imperfect indicative active of pertineo, pertinere, pertinui, “to belong to, relate to.”  “veritus”:  see Steadman’s note.  Perfect participle of  the deponent vereor, vereri, veritus sum, “to fear, dread.”

Lucium Plancum cum legione ex Belgio celeriter in Carnutes proficisci iubet ibique hiemare so he ordered Lucius Plancus with his legion out of Belgium on a forced march to the Carnutes district to winter there;  “hiemare” is present infinitive of hiemo, hiemare, hiemavi, hiematum, “to winter, pass the winter.”  “iubet” is third person singular present indicative active of iubeo, iubere, iussi, iussum.  “proficisci” is present infinitive of the deponent proficiscor, proficisci, profectus sum, “to set out, depart, leave.” 

quorumque opera cognoverat Tasgetium interfectum, hos comprehensos ad se mittere and moreover, to arrest the known assassins and send them to Caesar; “mittere” is present infinitive of mitto, mittere, misi, missum.  “comprehensos” is perfect passive participle of comprehendo, comprehendere, comprehendi, comprehensum, “to seize, detain, apprehend.”  “cognoverat” is third person singular pluperfect indicative active of cognosco, cognoscere, cognovi, cognitum, “to know, recognize.” 

5            Interim ab omnibus legatis quaestoreque, quibus legiones tradiderat, certior factus est in hiberna perventum locumque hibernis esse munitum In the interim, all the legates and quaestors to whom Caesar had entrusted legions reported that they had established and made secure their winter quarters.  “munitum” is perfect passive participle of munio, munire, munivi, munitum, “to fortify, secure, safeguard.” “esse” is present infinitive of sum, esse, fui, futurus.  “perventum” is impersonal perfect passive infinitive in indirect discourse of pervenio, pervenire, perveni, perventum, “to arrive, reach, attain.” See Steadman’s note.  “certior factus est”:  see Steadman’s note.  “tradiderat” is third perfect singular pluperfect indicative active of trado, tradere, tradidi, traditum.  

Caesar De Bello Gallico 5 24 Course Notes

Latin III:  Caesar, De Bello Gallico

Instructor:  James Ransom

March 22, 2014

Caesar DBG 5:24

Course Notes
© 2014 James Ransom, M.A., J.D.

[24] Subductis navibus concilioque Gallorum Samarobrivae peracto, quod eo anno frumentum in Gallia propter siccitates angustius provenerat, coactus est aliter ac superioribus annis exercitum in hibernis collocare legionesque in plures civitates distribuere. Ex quibus unam in Morinos ducendam Gaio Fabio legato dedit, alteram in Nervios Quinto Ciceroni, tertiam in Esubios Lucio Roscio; quartam in Remis cum Tito Labieno in confinio Treverorum hiemare iussit. Tres in Belgis collocavit: eis Marcum Crassum quaestorem et Lucium Munatium Plancum et Gaium Trebonium legatos praefecit. Unam legionem, quam proxime trans Padum conscripserat, et cohortes V in Eburones, quorum pars maxima est inter Mosam ac Rhenum, qui sub imperio Ambiorigis et Catuvolci erant, misit. Eis militibus Quintum Titurium Sabinum et Lucium Aurunculeium Cottam legatos praeesse iussit. Ad hunc modum distributis legionibus facillime inopiae frumentariae sese mederi posse existimavit. Atque harum tamen omnium legionum hiberna praeter eam, quam Lucio Roscio in pacatissimam et quietissimam partem ducendam dederat, milibus passuum centum continebantur. Ipse interea, quoad legiones collocatas munitaque hiberna cognovisset, in Gallia morari constituit.

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[24] Subductis navibus concilioque Gallorum Samarobrivae peracto With the ships safe on shore, a council of Gauls was convened at Samarobriva; “peracto” is perfect passive participle of perago, peragere, peregi, peractum, “to execute, accomplish.”  “subductis” is perfect passive participle of subduco, subducere, subduxi, subductum, “to haul up onto land, to beach.”              quod eo anno frumentum in Gallia propter siccitates angustius provenerat since in that year the grain crop had come in short due to a drought in Gaul; “provenerat” is third person singular pluperfect indicative active of provenio, provenire, proveni, proventum, “to appear, grow up.”

coactus est aliter ac superioribus annis exercitum in hibernis collocare legionesque in plures civitates distribuere he was forced to scrap the winter stations of troops standard in earlier years, and to disperse the legions over a wider group of states; “distribuere” is present infinitive of distribuo, distribuere, distribui, distributum, “to assign, distribute.”  “collocare” is present infinitive of colloco, collocare, collocavi, collocatum, to plalce, set in order, settle.”  “coactus est”:  see Steadman’s note. 

Ex quibus unam in Morinos ducendam Gaio Fabio legato dedit, alteram in Nervios Quinto Ciceroni, tertiam in Esubios Lucio Roscio; quartam in Remis cum Tito Labieno in confinio Treverorum hiemare iussit.   One legion he assigned to the legate Gaius Fabius to lead into the land of the Morini, another to Quintus Cicero (to the Nervii), a third to Lucius Roscius (Esubians); and he ordered a fourth, under Titus Labienus, to spend the winter with the Remi, on the border of the Treveri tribe; “iussit” is third person singular perfect indicative active of iubeo, iubere, iussi, iussum.  “dedit” is third person singular perfect indicative active of do, dare, dedi, datum.  “ducendam” is future passive participle (gerundive) of duco, ducere, duxi, ductum; see Steadman’s note. 

Tres in Belgis collocavit: eis Marcum Crassum quaestorem et Lucium Munatium Plancum et Gaium Trebonium legatos praefecit He allocated three legions to Belgian territory and put the quaestor Marcus Crassus and the legates Lucius Munatius Plancus and Gaius Trebonius in command;  “praefecit”  is third person singular perfect indicative active of praeficio, praeficere, praefeci, praefectum, “to place in command.”  “collocavit” is third person singular perfect indicative active of colloco, collocare, collocavi, collocatum, “to place, settle.” 

Unam legionem, quam proxime trans Padum conscripserat, et cohortes V in Eburones, quorum pars maxima est inter Mosam ac Rhenum, qui sub imperio Ambiorigis et Catuvolci erant, misit; Eis militibus Quintum Titurium Sabinum et Lucium Aurunculeium Cottam legatos praeesse iussit.One legion, which he had just drafted from across the River Po, he sent along with five cohorts into Eburone territory, which lies mainly between the Meuse and the Rhine.  The Eburones were under the rule of Ambiorix and Catuvolcus.  Caesar ordered the legates Quintus Titurius Sabinus and Lucius Aurunculeius Cotta to command these formations; “iussit” is third person singular perfect indicative active of iubeo, iubere, iussi, iussum.  “praeesse” is present infinitve of praesu, praeesse, praefui, praefuturus, “to command, rule over.”  “misit” is third person singular perfect indicative active of mitto, mittere, misi, missum.  “erant” is third person plural imperfect indicative active of sum, esse, fui, futurus.  “conscripserat” is third person singular pluperfect indicative active of conscribo, conscribere, conscripsi, conscriptum, “to enlist, enroll.” 

Ad hunc modum distributis legionibus facillime inopiae frumentariae sese mederi posse existimavit By this disposition of the legions Caesar planned to minimize the impact of food shortages; “existimavit” is third person singular perfect indicative active of existimo, existimare, existimave, existimatum, “to think, estimate, judge.”  “posse” is present infinitive of possum, posse, potui.  “mederi” is present infinitive of the deponent medeor, mederi, “to amend, relieve, heal, cure.” 

Atque harum tamen omnium legionum hiberna praeter eam, quam Lucio Roscio in pacatissimam et quietissimam partem ducendam dederat milibus passuum centum continebantur.  And in any event, the winter camps of the legions were all within a 100 mile radius, except for that of Lucius Roscius, who had been given a mission to an unusually peaceful and subdued region; “continebantur” is third person plural imperfect indicative passive of contineo, continere, continui, contentum, “to enclose, bound, limit.”  “dederat” is tjhird person singular pluperfect indicative active of do, dare, dedi, datum.  “ducendam” is future passive participle  (gerundive) of duco, ducere, duxi, ductum. 

Ipse interea, quoad legiones collocatas munitaque hiberna cognovisset, in Gallia morari constituit Meanwhile, until he had learned that the legions were in place and dug in, Caesar determined to remain in Gaul; “constituit” is third person singular perfect indicative active of constittuo, constituere, constitui, constitutum.  “morari” is present infinitve of the deponent moror, morari, moratus sum, “to linger, delay.”  “cognovisset” is third person singular pluperfect subjunctive active of cognosco, cognoscere, cognovi, cognitum.  “collocatas” is perfect passive participle of colloco, collocare, collocavi, collocatum, “to put in place, settle.”