Introduction to Philosophy
Instructor: James
Ransom
February 8, 2013
Galileo
Controversy
St. Robert
Bellarmine: Letter on Galileo’s Theories
(1615)
Fordham
University
Modern
History Sourcebook:
Robert Bellarmine: Letter on Galileo's Theories, 1615
Robert Bellarmine: Letter on Galileo's Theories, 1615
Galileo's letter of 1614
to the Grand Duchess Christina Duchess of Tuscany was not widely known, and was
ignored by Church authorities. When a year later the Carmelite provincial Paolo
Foscarini supported Galileo publicly by attempting to prove that the new theory
was not opposed to Scripture, Cardinal Robert Bellarmine, as "Master of
Controversial Questions," responded.
On April 12, 1615 the
saint wrote to Foscarini:
"I have gladly read the letter in Italian and the treatise
which Your Reverence sent me, and I thank you for both. And I confess that both
are filled with ingenuity and learning, and since you ask for my opinion, I
will give it to you very briefly, as you have little time for reading and I for
writing:
"First. I say that it seems to me that Your Reverence and
Galileo did prudently to content yourself with speaking hypothetically, and not
absolutely, as I have always believed that Copernicus spoke. For to say that,
assuming the earth moves and the sun stands still, all the appearances are saved
better than with eccentrics and epicycles, is to speak well; there is no danger
in this, and it is sufficient for mathematicians. But to want to affirm that
the sun really is fixed in the center of the heavens and only revolves around
itself (i. e., turns upon its axis ) without traveling from east to west, and
that the earth is situated in the third sphere and revolves with great speed
around the sun, is a very dangerous thing, not only by irritating all the
philosophers and scholastic theologians, but also by injuring our holy faith
and rendering the Holy Scriptures false. For Your Reverence has demonstrated
many ways of explaining Holy Scripture, but you have not applied them in
particular, and without a doubt you would have found it most difficult if you
had attempted to explain all the passages which you yourself have cited.
"Second. I say that, as you know, the Council [of Trent]
prohibits expounding the Scriptures contrary to the common agreement of the
holy Fathers. And if Your Reverence would read not only the Fathers but also
the commentaries of modern writers on Genesis, Psalms, Ecclesiastes and Josue,
you would find that all agree in explaining literally (ad litteram) that the
sun is in the heavens and moves swiftly around the earth, and that the earth is
far from the heavens and stands immobile in the center of the universe. Now
consider whether in all prudence the Church could encourage giving to Scripture
a sense contrary to the holy Fathers and all the Latin and Greek commentators.
Nor may it be answered that this is not a matter of faith, for if it is not a
matter of faith from the point of view of the subject matter, it is on the part
of the ones who have spoken. It would be just as heretical to deny that Abraham
had two sons and Jacob twelve, as it would be to deny the virgin birth of
Christ, for both are declared by the Holy Ghost through the mouths of the
prophets and apostles.
"Third. I say that if there were a true demonstration that
the sun was in the center of the universe and the earth in the third sphere,
and that the sun did not travel around the earth but the earth circled the sun,
then it would be necessary to proceed with great caution in explaining the
passages of Scripture which seemed contrary, and we would rather have to say that
we did not understand them than to say that something was false which has been
demonstrated.But I do not believe that there is any such demonstration; none
has been shown to me. It is not the same thing to show that the appearances are
saved by assuming that the sun really is in the center and the earth in the
heavens. I believe that the first demonstration might exist, but I have grave
doubts about the second, and in a case of doubt, one may not depart from the
Scriptures as explained by the holy Fathers. I add that the words ' the sun
also riseth and the sun goeth down, and hasteneth to the place where he
ariseth, etc.' were those of Solomon, who not only spoke by divine inspiration
but was a man wise above all others and most learned in human sciences and in
the knowledge of all created things, and his wisdom was from God. Thus it is
not too likely that he would affirm something which was contrary to a truth
either already demonstrated, or likely to be demonstrated. And if you tell me
that Solomon spoke only according to the appearances, and that it seems to us
that the sun goes around when actually it is the earth which moves, as it seems
to one on a ship that the beach moves away from the ship, I shall answer that
one who departs from the beach, though it looks to him as though the beach
moves away, he knows that he is in error and corrects it, seeing clearly that
the ship moves and not the beach. But with regard to the sun and the earth, no
wise man is needed to correct the error, since he clearly experiences that the
earth stands still and that his eye is not deceived when it judges that the
moon and stars move. And that is enough for the present. I salute Your
Reverence and ask God to grant you every happiness."
Action by the Congregation of the Index
In 1616 the Congregation of the Index -- founded by St. Pius V in
1571 and now headed by Cardinal Bellarmine acting in the name of Paul V -- was
forced to take action, based on the findings of consultors to the Holy Office.
Without naming Galileo, it banned all writings which treated of Copernicanism
as anything but an unproven hypothesis,
"because it has come to the attention of this Congregation
that the Pythagorean doctrine which is false and contrary to Holy Scripture,
which teaches the motion of the earth and the immobility of the sun, and which
is taught by Nicholas Copernicus in De Revolutionibus Orbium Caelestium and by
Diego de Zuniga's On Job, is now being spread and accepted by many - as may be
seen from a letter of a Carmelite Father entitled 'Letter of the Rev. Father
Paolo Antonio Foscarini, Carmelite, on the Opinion of the Pythagoreans and of
Copernicus concerning the Motion of the Earth and the Stability of the Sun, and
the New Pythagorean System of the World,' printed in Naples by Lazzaro Scoriggio
in 1615: in which the said Father tries to show that the doctrine of the
immobility of the sun in the center of the world, and that of the earth's
motion, is consonant with truth and is not opposed to Holy Scripture.
"Therefore, so that this opinion may not spread any further
to the prejudice of Catholic truth, it ( the Sacred Congregation ) decrees that
the said Nicholas Copernicus' De Revolutionibus Orbium, and Diego de Zuniga's
On Job, be suspended until corrected; but that the book of the Carmelite
Father, Paolo Foscarini, be prohibited and condemned, and that all other books
likewise, in which the same is taught, be prohibited."
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