Wednesday, January 29, 2014

Caesar De Bello Gallico 1.7 Course Notes


Latin III
Instructor:  James Ransom
January 19, 2014

Caesar DBG 1:7
Course Notes
© 2014 James Ransom, M.A., J.D.

[7]          1         Caesari cum id nuntiatum esset, eos per provinciam nostram iter facere conari, maturat ab urbe proficisci et quam maximis potest itineribus in Galliam ulteriorem contendit et ad Genavam pervenit.         2 Provinciae toti quam maximum potest militum numerum imperat (erat omnino in Gallia ulteriore legio una), pontem, qui erat ad Genavam, iubet rescindi.          3         Ubi de eius adventu Helvetii certiores facti sunt, legatos ad eum mittunt nobilissimos civitatis, cuius legationis Nammeius et Verucloetius principem locum obtinebant, qui dicerent sibi esse in animo sine ullo maleficio iter per provinciam facere, propterea quod aliud iter haberent nullum: rogare ut eius voluntate id sibi facere liceat. Caesar, quod memoria tenebat L. Cassium consulem occisum exercitumque eius ab Helvetiis pulsum et sub iugum missum, concedendum non putabat;         4         neque homines inimico animo, data facultate per provinciam itineris faciundi, temperaturos ab iniuria et maleficio existimabat.          5         Tamen, ut spatium intercedere posset dum milites quos imperaverat convenirent, legatis respondit diem se ad deliberandum sumpturum: si quid vellent, ad Id. April. reverterentur.
______________________________________________________
1         Caesari cum id nuntiatum esset, eos per provinciam nostram iter facere conari, maturat ab urbe proficisci et quam maximis potest itineribus in Galliam ulteriorem contendit et ad Genavam pervenit When Caesar learned of the Helvetian attempt to march through the Roman province, he swiftly departed Rome and at forced march hastened to Further Gaul, at length arriving at Geneva; "pervenit" is third person singular present indicative active of pervenio, pervenire, perveni, perventum; historical present.  "contendit" is third person singular present indicative active of contendo, contere, contendi, contentum, "to stretch, extend, exert vigorously or zealously." "proficisci" is present infinitive active of the deponent verb proficiscor, proficisci, profectus sum, "to set out, depart, leave."  "maturat" is third person singular present indicative acdtive of maturo, maturare, maturavi, maturatum, "hasten, accelerate, rush."  "conari" is present infinitive active of the deponent verb conor, conari, conatus sum.  "nuntiatus" is the perfect passive participle of nuntio, nuntiare, nuntiavi, nuntiatum, "to announce, declare."  "esset" is third person singular imperfect active subjunctive of sum, esse, fui, futurus.

2 Provinciae toti quam maximum potest militum numerum imperat (erat omnino in Gallia ulteriore legio una), pontem, qui erat ad Genavam, iubet rescindi He ordered the call-up of as many soldiers as possible from the whole province (since there was only one legion in Further Gaul) and ordered the demolition of the bridge at Geneva"rescindi" is present passive infinitive of rescindo, rescindere, rescidi, rescissum, "cut off, abolish, rescind."  "iubet" is third person singular present indicative active of iubeo, iubere, iussi, iussum, "command, order."  "imperat" is third person singular present indicative active of impero, imperare, imperavi, imperatum, "rule, govern, demand, impose."

3            Ubi de eius adventu Helvetii certiores facti sunt, legatos ad eum mittunt nobilissimos civitatis Upon confirming the fact of Caesar's arrival, the Helvetians sent their most distinguished citizens to him as ambassadors;  "mittunt" is third person plural present indicative active of mitto, mittere, misi, missum.  "facti sunt" is third person plural perfect indicative active of fio, fieri, factus sum, "to become, be made." "adventu"=ablative singular of adventus, adventus, m., "arrival, approach."  ablative of time when

cuius legationis Nammeius et Verucloetius principem locum obtinebant, qui dicerent sibi esse in animo sine ullo maleficio iter per provinciam facere propterea quod aliud iter haberent nullum: which was led by Nammeius and Verucloetiius, whose brief was to say that they wished in good faith merely to march through the Province without incident, for they had no other available route;  "haberent" is third person plural imperfect subjunctive active of habeo, habere, habui, habitumi"facere" is present infinitive of facio, facere, feci, factum. "esse" is present infinitive of sum, esse, fui, futurus.  "dicerent" is third person plural imperfect subjunctive active of dico, dicere, dixi, dictum.  "obtinebant" is third person plural imperfect indicative active of obtineo, obtinere, obtinui, obtentum.

rogare ut eius voluntate id sibi facere liceat and to ask that he voluntarily grant them permission; "liceat" is present subjunctive of licet, licere, licuit, licitum, "to be allowed, permitted." 

Caesar, quod memoria tenebat L. Cassium consulem occisum exercitumque eius ab Helvetiis pulsum et sub iugum missum, concedendum non putabat Caesar, never having forgotten how the consul Lucius Cassius had been killed by the Helvetians, and his men beaten and forced to bear the yoke, determined to refuse their request;  "putabat" is third person singular imperfect indicative active of puto, putare, putavi, putatum.  "concedendum" is masculine accusative perfect passive participle (gerundive) of concedo, concedere, concessi, concessum, "to grant, concede." 

4            neque homines inimico animo, data facultate per provinciam itineris faciendi, temperaturos ab iniuria et maleficio existimabat.   Nor did he suppose that men of hostile intent, given leave to march through the province, would refrain from pillage and mischief; "existimabat" is third person singular imperfect indicative active of existimo, ixistimare existimavi, existimatum, "to think, suppose, estimate, judge, consider."  "temperaturos" is accusative masculine of the future active participle of tempero, temperare, temperavi, temperatum, "refrain, abstain, forbear." "faciendi" is nominative masculine plural of the future passive pariticle (gerundive) of facio, facere, feci, factum; thus, "itineris faciendi"=lit. "the march which is to be made."  "data" is the ablative of the perfect passive participle of do, dare, dedi, datum; thus:  "having been given." 

"data facultate"=ablative absolute." 
NB:  The construction called the ablative absolute uses the ablatives of a participle and a noun to define the circumstances or situation in which the action of the main verb occurs.  www.thelatinlibrary.com/101/AblativeAbsolute.pdf

5            Tamen, ut spatium intercedere posset dum milites quos imperaverat convenirent, But in order to gain time for his newly-drafted troops to form up; "convenirent" is third person plural imperfect subjunctive active of convenio, convenire, conveni, conventum, "to convene, assemble, gather together."  "imperaverat" is third person singular pluperfect indicative active of impero, imperare, imperavi, imperatum, "to command or demand, give orders to."  "posset" is third person singular imperfect subjunctive active of possum, posse, potui"intercedere" is present infinitive active of intercedo, intercedere, intercessi, inteercessum, "to intercede, intervene, interrupt, interpose." 

legatis respondit diem se ad deliberandum sumpturum: si quid vellent, ad Id. April. reverterentur he replied to the legates that he needed time to decide; if they wanted an answer, they should return on April 13.  "reverterentur" is third person plural imperfect subjunctive active of the deponent verb revertor, reverti, reversus sum, "return, turn back."  "vellent" is third person plural imperfect subjunctive active of volo, velle, volui, "to wish, desire." 




Wednesday, January 22, 2014

Caesar De Bello Gallico Book I Outline

Latin III:  Caesar, De Bello Gallico
Instructor:  James Ransom
January 22, 2014
Caesar, De Bello Gallico
Book I Outline
I. Description of Gaul and its divisions.—
II.-IV. The ambitious designs of the Helvetii under Orgetorix, and the suspicious death of the latter.—
V.VI. The Helvetii still proceed to carry out their designs.—
VII.-XI. Caesar’s opposition and measures.—
XII. The battle at the river Arar.—
XIII. The Helvetii send ambassadors to sue for peace.—
XIV. Caesar’s politic answer.—
XV. Another engagement with the Helvetii.—
XVI. Caesar’s reproof of the Aedui for not sending him the promised supplies.—
XVII.-XIX. The disclosures of Liscus respecting Dumnorix.—
XX. Divitiacus, his brother, pleads for Dumnorix.—
XXI.-XXVI. Various events in the war between Caesar and the Helvetii.—
XXVII. The Helvetii, being worsted, offer a surrender, but some clandestinely return home.—
XXVIII.-XXIX. The numbers of the several Helvetian forces before and after the war.—
XXX. Certain parts of Gaul congratulate Caesar and request a council.—
XXXI. Complaints are there made against Ariovistus.—
XXXII.-XXXVI. Caesar’s message to Ariovistus and the bold answer of the latter.—
XXXVII.-XXXIX. A panic in the Roman camp.—
XL. Caesar’s speech on that occasion.—
XLI. Its effects.—
XLII.-XLVI. Conference between Caesar and Ariovistus.—
XLVII.-LII. Which terminates in war.—
LIII. The overthrow of the Germans and their flight from Gaul.—

LIV. Caesar, having sent his army into winter quarters amongst the Sequani, proceeds to perform the civil duties of his proconsular office.

Saturday, January 18, 2014

Caesar De Bello Gallico 1.6 Course Notes


Latin III
Instructor:  James Ransom
January 17, 2014

Caesar, DBG 1:6
Course Notes
© 2014 James Ransom, M.A., J.D.

[6]          1         Erant omnino itinera duo, quibus itineribus domo exire possent: unum per Sequanos, angustum et difficile, inter montem Iuram et flumen Rhodanum, vix qua singuli carri ducerentur, mons autem altissimus impendebat, ut facile perpauci prohibere possent;
 2         alterum per provinciam nostram, multo facilius atque expeditius, propterea quod inter fines Helvetiorum et Allobrogum, qui nuper pacati erant, Rhodanus fluit isque non nullis locis vado transitur.         3         Extremum oppidum Allobrogum est proximumque Helvetiorum finibus Genava. Ex eo oppido pons ad Helvetios pertinet. Allobrogibus sese vel persuasuros, quod nondum bono animo in populum Romanum viderentur, existimabant vel vi coacturos ut per suos fines eos ire paterentur.
4         Omnibus rebus ad profectionem comparatis diem dicunt, qua die ad ripam Rhodani omnes conveniant. Is dies erat a. d. V. Kal. Apr. L. Pisone, A. Gabinio consulibus.
__________________________________________________
1            Erant omnino itinera duo, quibus itineribus domo exire possent: There were but two routes out of their native land; "possent" is third person plural imperfect active subjunctive of the irregular possum, posse, potui; "they would be able to."  "possent" controls the infinitive "exire," present active infinitive of exeo, exire, exii, exitum, "to exit, depart."  domo":  ablative of place from which. 

unum per Sequanos, angustum et difficile, inter montem Iuram et flumen Rhodanum
One through Sequani territory, a narrow and dangerous pass between the Jura mountains and the Rhone;

vix qua singuli carri ducerentur, mons autem altissimus impendebat, ut facile perpauci prohibere possent so that wagons might barely be led single file; not only that, but the high peak looming overhead allowed a mere handful of men to block passage easily;
"possent":  note the recurrence of the subjunctive of possum, this time controlling the infinitive "prohibere."  "per" lends intensive force to "pauci."  "impendebat" is third person singlar imperfect indicative active of impendo, impendere, impendi, impensum. "ducurentur" is third person plural imperfect passive subjunctive of duco, ducere, duxi, ductum

2            alterum per provinciam nostram, multo facilius atque expeditius the other through Roman Gaul, much easier and more expedient; "provinciam nostram"=a common expression for the Roman-occupied and -administered area in southern Gaul.

propterea quod inter fines Helvetiorum et Allobrogum, qui nuper pacati erant,  Rhodanus fluit isque non nullis locis vado transitur because the Rhone flows between the land of the Helvetians and that of the Allobroges--who had just recently been pacified--and may be forded at several locations; "transitur" is third person singular present indicative passive of the irregular transeo, transire, transii, transitum, "to go across."  "fluit" is third person singular present indicative active of fluo, flere, fluxi, fluxum, "to flow."  "non nullis"=litotes. 

3            Extremum oppidum Allobrogum est proximumque Helvetiorum finibus
Genava.  Ex eo oppido pons ad Helvetios pertinet.  The most distant outpost of the Allabroges, and nearest to the land of the Helvetians, is Geneva. A bridge reaches from Geneva to Helvetia; "pertinet" is third person singular present indicative active of pertineo, pertinere, pertinui, "to extend, stretch out, reach to."   

Allobrogibus sese vel persuasuros, quod nondum bono animo in populum Romanum viderentur, existimabant vel vi coacturos ut per suos fines eos ire paterentur The Helvetians calculated that either through diplomacy or violence they could bend the Allobroges, who did not yet appear to be on friendly terms with Rome, to yield them free passage through Allobroges territory; "paterentur" is third person plural imperfect active subjunctive of patior, pati, passus sum, "to suffer, endure, allow, acquiesce, submit."  "ire" is present infinitive of eo, ire, ii, itum, "to proceed, advance, go."  "coacturos" is the future active participle of cogo, cogere, coegi, coactum, "to force, compel, encourage."  "vi" is ablative singular of the third declension noun vis, vis, f., "force, power, violence."  "existimabant" is third person plural imperfect indicative active of existimo, existimare, existimavi, existimatum, "to think, suppose, estimate, judge, consider."  "viderentur" is third person plural imperfect passive subjunctive of video, videre, vidi, visum.  "persuasuros" is the future active participle of persuadeo, persuadere, persuasi, persuasum, "to persuade, convince, induce."

4            Omnibus rebus ad profectionem comparatis diem dicunt, qua die ad ripam Rhodani omnes conveniant. Is dies erat a. d. V. Kal. Apr. L. Pisone, A. Gabinio consulibus When all preparations were completed, they stated the day on which all were to gather on the bank of the Rhone:  28 March [i.e., 58 B. C., "in the consulship of Lucius Piso and Aulus Gabinius" (Edwards)].  "conveniant"  is third person plural present subjunctive active of convenio, convenire, conveni, conventum, "to convene, assemble, meet together."  Jussive subjunctive.  "comparatis" is the perfect passive participle of comparo, comparare, comparavi, comparatum, "to prepare." 

Monday, January 13, 2014

Readings in Freeman's Caesar Biography

Read ahead.  The next round of oral presentations will encompass two chapters rather than one.

Sunday, January 12, 2014

Latin III Class Schedule Week of January 13

Latin III
Instructor:  James Ransom
January 13, 2014
Latin III Schedule
Week of January 13
Tuesday, January 14
Caesar DBG 1.3, “Orgetorix Forms a Conspiracy to Emigrate from Helvetia.”
·        Review the running core vocabulary through 1.3 (pages xiv-xvi of the text). 
·        Review the new vocabulary for 1.3 (pages 6-7).
·        Review the textual notes to chapter 3 as well as the Course Notes. 
·        Lead the translation in class:
o   Bernie:  1.3.1
o   Louis:     1.3.2-3
o   Abe:        1.3.4
o   John:       1.3.5-6
o   Joe:          1.3.7

Ritchie Fabulae Faciles
·        Hercules 14, “The Music Lesson.”

Wednesday, January 15
Freeman’s biography of Caesar
·        Louis:  Oral presentation on Chapter 2, “The Path to Power.”

Caesar DBG 1.4, “Orgetorix’s Conspiracy Fails.”
·        Review the running core vocabulary through 1.4 (pages xiv-xvi of the text). 
·        Review the new vocabulary for 1.4 (pages 6-7).
·        Review the textual notes to chapter 4  as well as the Course Notes. 

Thursday, January 16
Wheelock Chapter 18:  Passive Voice; Ablative of Agent
·        Exercitationes and Sententiae to be assigned on Tuesday. 

Caesar DBG 1.5, “The Helvetians Follow Orgetorix’s Plan:  Two Possible Routes”
In addition to regular preparation:
Review and prepare to discuss the campaign map at

Caesar De Bello Gallico 1.5 Course Notes

Latin III
Instructor:  James Ransom
January 12, 2014


                                            Caesar, DBG 1:5
                                              Course Notes
                                                                © 2014 James Ransom, M.A., J.D.


[5]        1       Post eius mortem nihilo minus Helvetii id quod constituerant facere conantur, ut e finibus suis exeant.         2       Ubi iam se ad eam rem paratos esse arbitrati sunt, oppida sua omnia, numero ad duodecim, vicos ad quadringentos, reliqua privata aedificia incendunt;   3       frumentum omne, praeter quod secum portaturi erant, comburunt, ut domum reditionis spe sublata paratiores ad omnia pericula subeunda essent; trium mensum molita cibaria sibi quemque domo efferre iubent.   4       Persuadent Rauracis et Tulingis et Latobrigis finitimis, uti eodem usi consilio oppidis suis vicisque exustis una cum iis proficiscantur, Boiosque,     5 qui trans Rhenum incoluerant et in agrum Noricum transierant Noreiamque oppugnabant, receptos ad se socios sibi adsciscunt.
[5]            1          Post eius mortem nihilo minus Helvetii id quod constituerant facere conantur, ut e finibus suis exeant. After his death, the Helvetii nevertheless attempted to carry out their plan and emigrate from their land; “exeant” is third persent plural present subjunctive active of exeo, exire, exivi, exitus; subjunctive in purpose clause with “ut.”  “conantur” is third person plural present indicative active of conor, conari, conatus sum, “to try, attempt.”  “constituerant” is third person plural pluperfect indicative active of constituo, constituere, constitui, constitutum, “to plan, confirm, resolve, decide.” 
2  Ubi iam se ad eam rem paratos esse arbitrati sunt, oppida sua omnia, numero ad duodecim, vicos ad quadringentos, reliqua privata aedificia incendunt; When at length they believed they were ready for the migration, they set fire to all 12 of their towns, as well as 400 villages and the remaining private buildings; “arbitrati sunt”:  perfect participle; “they thought that.”  “paratos” is accusative masculine plural perfect passive participle of paro, parare, paravi, paratum, “to prepare.”  “ad eam rem” = “for that thing,” i.e., the emigration. “se” is accusative plural of the relfexive pronoun; subject-accusative of “esse.” “incendunt” is third person plural present indicative active of incendo, incendere, incendi, incensum, “to set on fire, ignite, burn, kindle,” governing the accusative “reliqua privata aedificia.” 
3  frumentum omne, praeter quod secum portaturi erant, comburunt, ut domum reditionis spe sublata paratiores ad omnia pericula subeunda essent and they burned all their grain except what they had planned to bring with them, so that, all hope of returning home denied, they might more readily confront any danger; “essent” is third person plural imperfect subjunctive active of sum, esse, fui futurus.  “subeunda”is neuter accusative plural of the future passive participle (gerundive) of subeo, subire, subii, subitum, “approach, draw near.”  “paratiores”:  comparative adjective; “better prepared.”  “sublata” is ablative of the perfect passive participle of tollo, tollere, sustuli, sublatum; “removed, destroyed, abolished.”  “reditionis” is genitive singular of the verbal noun reditio, reditionis, f., “return, go back.” “comburunt” is third person plural present indicative active of comburo, comburrere, combussi, combustum, “to burn up, consume with fire, cremate.” “portaturi erant” is periphrasitic future, i.e, the future active participle of porto, portare, portavi, portatum + the imperfect of sum; “were going to carry.” 
trium mensum molita cibaria sibi quemque domo efferre iubent and they commanded every man to take from home a three month supply of rations; “iubent” is third person plural present indicative active of iubeo, iubere, iussi, iustum, “to command, order.”  “effere” is present infinitive active of effero, effere, extuli, elatum, “to carry.”  “sibi”:  dative singular of the reflexive pronoun sui, sibi, se; dative of reference or advantage.  “quemque”:  subject-accusative of “effere.”  “cibaria”= provisions, foodstuffs;  neuter accusative plural aof the adjective cibarius, cibaria, cibarium, used here as a noun; direct object of “effere.” “molita” modifies “cibaria.” 
4  Persuadent Rauracis et Tulingis et Latobrigis finitimis, uti eodem usi consilio oppidis suis vicisque exustis una cum iis proficiscantur, They persuaded their neighbors, the Rauraci, the Tulingi, and the Latobrigi, to adopt the same plan, burn their strongholds and townships, and march out with them; “proficiscantur” is third person plural present subjunctive active of the deponent verb profiscor, proficisci, profectus sum, “to set out, depart, leave.”  Subjunctive of purpose after “uti.”  “exustus” is the perfect passive participle of exuro, exurere, exussi, exustum, “to burn up, consume by fire.”  “vicisque” = “vicis,” village or neighborhood, + “que.”  “usi” is nominative plural of the participle usus, usa, usum, of the deponent verb utor, uti, usus sum, “to use, employ, adopt.”  “finitimis”=adjective, “neighbors, bordering peoples.” 

Boiosque,  5       qui trans Rhenum incoluerant et in agrum Noricum transierant Noreiamque oppugnabant, receptos ad se socios sibi adsciscunt. and they recruited the Boii, who had dwelt across the Rhine, but then had crossed over into Noricum and attacked Noreia, as a partisan of the alliance; “adsciscunt” is third person plural present indicative active of adscisco, adscisere, adscivi, adscitum,  “to approve, receive.” “receptos” is accusative plural of the perfect passive participle  of recipio, recipere, recepti, receptum, “to receive, accept.”  “oppugnabant” third person plural pluperfect indicative active of oppugno, oppugnare, oppugnavi, oppugnatum, “to attack, storm, beseige.”  “transierant” is third person plural  pluperfect indicative active of transeo, transire, transivi, transitum, “to cross over.”  “incoluerant” is third person plural pluperfect indicative of incolo, incolere, incolui, incultum, “to dwell, inhabit.”  

Saturday, January 4, 2014

Caesar De Bello Gallico 1:4 Course Notes

Latin III:  Caesar, De Bello Gallico
Instructor:  James Ransom
January 14, 2014

Caesar, DBG 1:4
Course Notes
© 2014 James Ransom, M.A., J.D.


[4]        1       Ea res est Helvetiis per indicium enuntiata. Moribus suis Orgetoricem ex vinculis causam dicere coegerunt; damnatum poenam sequi oportebat, ut igni cremaretur.    2       Die constituta causae dictionis Orgetorix ad iudicium omnem suam familiam, ad hominum milia decem, undique coegit, et omnes clientes obaeratosque suos, quorum magnum numerum habebat, eodem conduxit; per eos ne causam diceret se eripuit.    3       Cum civitas ob eam rem incitata armis ius suum exequi conaretur multitudinemque hominum ex agris magistratus cogerent, Orgetorix mortuus est;      4       neque abest suspicio, ut Helvetii arbitrantur, quin ipse sibi mortem consciverit.
________________________________________________
1          Ea res est Helvetiis per indicium enuntiata This plot was betrayed to the Helvetians by an informer; “enuntiata est” is perfect passive of  enuntio, enuntiare, enuntiavi, enuntiatum, “report, disclose, reveal, declare.” “indicium” is accusative singular of the second declension noun indicium, indicii, n., “evidence, report, token, sign.” The literal sense is here anthropomorphized (i.e., the “evidence” of the plot is provided to the Helvetians by a spy, agent, or turncoat).     

Moribus suis Orgetoricem ex vinculis causam dicere coegerunt As precedent required, they forced Orgetorix to plead his cause in chains; “coegerunt” is third person plural perfect indicative active of cogo, cogere, coegi, coactum, “to force, compel, require.”  “Orgetoricem”:  accusative object of “coegerunt,” but also accusative subject of “dicere.”

damnatum poenam sequi oportebat, ut igni cremaretur were he found guilty, the law required that he be burned at the stake; “cremaretur” is third-person singular imperfect passive subjunctive (in an ut clause of indirect command) of cremo, cremare, cremavi, crematum, “to burn, destroy by fire, cremate.”  “damnatum” is the perfect passive participle of damno, damnare, damnavi, damnatum, “sentence, declare guilty, condemn, convict.”   the participle conveys a conditional sense; “if convicted.”  “poenam” is accusative singular of poena, poenae, f.  “sequi” is present infinitive of the deponent sequor, sequi, secutus sum“oportebat” is third person singular imperfect indicative active of oportet, oportere, oportuit, “to be necessary, proper, required.” 

2          Die constituta causae dictionis Orgetorix ad iudicium omnem suam familiam, ad hominum milia decem, undique coegit, On the day set for oral argument, Oregorix summoned to the trial court from every corner of the realm his family and personal militia, numbering some ten thousand men; “coegit”:  third person singular perfect indicative active of cogo. Orgetorix is the subject. “undique”=whencesoever, from all parts, from all corners.  “Die constituta”:  ablative of time when.  “dictionis” is genitive singular of dictio, dictionis, f., “speech, oratory.”  “causae” is genitive singular of causa, causae, f. , “case, claim, contention.”  “iudicum” is accusative singular of iudicum, iudici, n., “trial, judgment, decision.”  

et omnes clientes obaeratosque suos, quorum magnum numerum habebat, eodem conduxit; and he also deployed there all his vassals and debtors, of whom he had a great number; “conduxit” is third person singular perfect indicative active of (con-)duco, ducere, dixi, dictum; its subject is “Orgetorix” understood.  “eodem,” an ablative of place where, modifies “conduxit.” 

per eos ne causam diceret se eripuit and through their interference he escaped trial; “diceret” is third person singular imperfect subjunctive of dico, dicere, dixi, dictum. “ne causam diceret”=Oregetorix avoided having to plead his case (cf. “causam dicere” supra at 4.1.  “eripuit” is third person singular perfect indicative active of eripio, eripere, eripui, ereptum, “to snatch away, rescue, escape.”  “se”=reflexive. 

3          Cum civitas ob eam rem incitata armis ius suum exequi conaretur  When the citizenry, outraged by this turn of events, sought to bring Orgetorix to justice by armed force;  “cum”: temporal of time when (i.e., when “Orgetorix mortuus est.”)  “exequi”=ex-sequi=present infinitive of the deponent verb ex-sequor, -sequi, -secutus est, “seek after, pursue for punishment or revenge.” “conaretur” is third person singular imperfect subjunctive of the deponent verb conor, conari, conatus. “incitata,” “having been aroused, incited,” is perfect passive participle of incito, incitare, incitavi, incitatum“armis”=ablative of means.  “ius” is accusative singular of ius, iuris, n.; direct object of “exsequi.” 

  multitudinemque hominum ex agris magistratus cogerent, Orgetorix mortuus est …and the magistrates were calling up masses of men from the countryside, Orgetorix died; “cogerent” is third person plural imperfect subjunctive active of cogo, cogere, coegi, coactum, “collect, assemble.”  “hominum” is genitive plural, qualifying “multitudinem.” “mortuus est” is third person singular perfect indicative active of the deponent verb morior, mori, mortuus sum, “to die”; “mortuus est” is passive in form but active in meaning. 


4          neque abest suspicio, ut Helvetii arbitrantur, quin ipse sibi mortem consciverit not without speculation, as the Helvetians claim, that death came by his own hand; “consciverit” is third person singular perfect subjunctive active of conscisco, consciscere, consciscivi, conscitum, “to inflict or bring upon oneself.” “mortem,” the accusative singular of mors, mortis, f.. is the direct object.  “quin” = “that.”  “suspicio,” observes Finch, “is derived from sub + specere, to look at secretly askance…”  “abest” is third person singular present indicative of (ab-)sum, -esse, -fui, -futurus.  

Latin III: Caesar De Bello Gallico One-Page Name Glossary

Latin III:  Caesar De Bello Gallico One-Page Name Glossary

Acco (VI, VII) Leader Senones; plots against Rome. Adiatunnus (III) Commander Sotiates. Ambiorix (V, VI) Ruler, with Catuvolcus, of the Eburones; deceives and destroys Roman legion commanded by Cotta and Sabinus. Andecomborius (II) Remi emissary to Caesar. Antonius, Marcus (VII) Legatus. Ariovistus (I, IV, V, VI) German king. Atrius, Quintus (V) In command  fleet guard during second expedition to Britain. Baculus, Publius Sextius (II, III, VI) Chief Centurion; hero  Aduatuca, with Galba in Alps. Balventius, Titus (V) Chief centurion, killed in Ambiorix' trap. Boduognatus (II) Commander Nervii 57 B.C. Brutus, Decimus (III, VII) Commander Caesar's fleet campaign vs. Veneti. Caesar, Lucius (VII) Legatus. Camulogenus (VII) Commander enemy force at Lutetia. Cassivellaunus (V) Commander British force defeated by Caesar's 2d expedition. Catuvolcus (V, VI) Leader of Eburones with Ambiorix; commits suicide. Cavarinus (V, VI) Appointed king of Senones by Caesar; escapes assassination attempt. Cicero, Quintus Tullius (V, VI, VII) Roman officer, prob. Legatus. Cimberius (I) Shares command Suebi with brother Nasua. Cingetorix (V) King district of Kent. Cingetorix (V, VI) Disputes chieftaincy Treveri with  father-in-law, Indutiomarus, later made chief by Caesar. Commius (IV, V, VI, VII) Made king Atrebates by Caesar; taken prisoner by Britons when Caesar sends him as emissary. Conconnetodumnus (VII) Shares leadership Carnutes with Cotuatus during tgreat rebellion. Considius, Publius (I) Misinterprets battle situation and causes Caesar to miss easy victory over Helvetii. Convictolitavis (VII) Chief magistrate Aedui after Caesar arbitrates dispute with Cotus. Cotta, Lucius Aurunculeius (II, IV, V, VI) Legatus, shares command legion led into Ambiorix' trap by Sabinus’ blunders; killed by Eburones. Cotuatus (VII) Leader Carnutes; with Conconnetodumnus he begins great rebellion of Gauls. Cotus (VII) The opponent of Convictolitavis for Aeduan magistracy 52 B.C. Crassus, Marcus Licinius (V, VI) Caesar's quaestor. Crassus, Publius Licinius (I, II, III) Younger brother  Marcus Crassus. Critognatus (VII) Arvernian; suggests cannibalism as solution to food shortage at Alesia. Diviciacus (I, II, VI, VII) pro-Roman Aeduan leader, brother Dumnorix. Diviciacus (II) King of the Suessiones. Divico I) Helvetian leader defeated by Caesar in 58 B.C. Donnotaurus, Gaius Valerius (VII) Chief of the Helvii; killed by rebels. Dumnorix (II, V) An Aeduan; plots with Orgetorix and the Helvetii; killed resisting Caesar's troops. Eporedorix (VII) Aeduan noble who with Viridomarus betrays Caesar. Eporedorix (VII) Another leading Aeduan having same name; taken prisoner by Caesar. Fabius, Gaius (V, VI, VII) Legatus. Fabius, Lucius (VII) Centurion killed after climbing wall at Gergovia. Galba (II) King  Suessiones. Galba, Servius (III) In charge Caesar's troops who open route through the Alps. Gallus, Marcus Trebius (III) Tribune taken prisoner by coastal Gauls. Iccius (II) Remi emissary to Caesar. Indutiomarus (V, VI) member of Treveri who foments rebellion. Labienus, Titus Atius (I-VII) Caesar's legatus pro praetore, i; intelligence, ability win major battles for Romans. Liscus (I) Chief magistrate Aedui 58 B.C. Litaviccus (VII) Partner of Convictolitavis; subverts Aeduan force telling lies about Roman murders. Lucanius (V) Chief centurion killed in Ambiorix' trap. Mandubracius (V) Appointed ruler Trinobantes in Britain by Caesar. Mettius, Marcus (I) With Procillus is sent by Caesar as representative to Ariovistus; taken prisoner. Nasua (I) Shares kingship of Suebi with Cimberius, his brother. Orgetorix (I) Helvetian foments war to take over Gaul; dies before plans are carried out. Pedius, Quintus (II) Legatus; nephew of Caesar. Petrosidius, Lucius (V) Brave standard bearer in legion of Cotta and Sabinus. Plancus, Lucius Munatius (V) Legatus. Procillus, Gaius Valerius (I) With Mettius, sent by Caesar as representative to Ariovistus; taken prisoner. Pullo, Titus (V) Centurion competes w  Lucius Vorenus for honor Rebilus, Gaius Caninius (VII) Legatus. Reginus, Gaius Antistius (VI, VII) Legatus. Roscius, Lucius (V) Legion commander. Rufus Publius Sulpicius (IV, VII) Legatus. Sabinus, Quintus Titurius (II, III, IV, V. VI) Legatus; believes lies of Ambiorix and leads legion under his and Cotta's command into trap; continues to believe Ambiorix and is murdered. Sextius, Titus (VI, VII) Legatus. Silanus, Marcus Brutus (VI) Legatus. Silius, Titus (III) Tribune taken prisoner by coastal Gauls. Tasgetius (V) Hereditary prince, made ruler Carnutes by Caesar;  assassinated. Terrasidius (III) Tribune taken prisoner by coastal Gauls. Teutomatus (VII) King of Nitiobriges, joins Vercingetorix. Trebonius, Gaius (VI) Roman knight. Trebonius, Gaius (V, VI, VII) Legatus of same name. Velanius, Quintus (III) Tribune taken prisoner by coastal Gauls. Vercassivellaunus (VII) Arvernian, cousin of Vercingetorix; one of the leaders in the great rebellions. Vercingetorix (VII) Arvernian leader; commander of the Gauls and leader of their rebellion against Caesar. Vertico (V) Nervian of rank; his slave brings Cicero's message to Caesar. Viridomarus (VII) On Diviciacus' recommendation to Caesar, he is raised to a position of rank; with Eporedorix he betrays the Romans. Viridovix (III) Chief of Venelli. Volusenus  (IV) Tribune who scouts the coast of Britain. Vorenus, Lucius (V) Centurion who competes with Titus Pullo for honors. 

Friday, January 3, 2014

Latin III Third Quarter Syllabus: Caesar, De Bello Gallico I.1-7, IV.24-35, V.25-30

Latin III
Instructor:  James Ransom
January 4, 2013
Caesar, De Bello Gallico
Revised Generic One-Semester Syllabus

THIRD QUARTER

WEEK
TRANSLATION IN CLASS
COURSE NOTES
ONE
·         Come to class every day prepared to translate intelligently.  Before class, you must have thoroughly reviewed the Latin text as well as Edward’s translation, and absorbed Steadman’s notes and commentary. 

·         Be prepared to join in class discussion and to assist a colleague who is having difficulty in translation. 

·         Read ahead in Edward’s English translation.  Consult an outline overview of DBC. 

Texts:
Geoffrey Steadman, ed.,  College Caesar:  Latin Text with Facing Vocabulary and Commentary

H. J. Edwards, tr., The Gallic War

Wheelock & LaFleur, Wheelock’s Latin

Philip Freeman, Julius Caesar

T   1/7
Introduction
Caesar, De Bello Gallico (“DBG”)
Book I, Chapter 1 (“I.1”)
The Divisions within Gaul

BOOK 1:1-7 (58 BC):  Campaign against the Helvetians.
Caesar departs from the province of Transalpine Gaul, where he is currently governor, to stop the migration of 368,000 Helvetians from Helvetia, modern Switzerland, to western Gaul.
W  1/8
DBG I. 2
Orgetorix forms a conspiracy to emigrate from Helvetia
Freeman, Julius Caesar (“Freeman”) I,
“The Early Years”

Th 1/9
DBG I. 3
Orgetorix’s conspiracy fails
Wheelock, Chapter 17 (“Wheelock 17”):  The Relative Pronoun



TWO


T 1/14
DBG I. 3 (cont.)

W 1/15
DBG I.4
Freeman II:  “The Path to Power”
Th 1/16
DBG I.5
The Helvetians follow Orgetorix’s plan:  two possible routes
Wheelock 18:  1st & 2nd Conjugations



THREE


T 1/21
DBG I.6

W 1/22
DBG I.7
Caesar decides to stop the Helvetians
BOOK I QUIZ
Freeman III:  Conspiracy

BOOK 1:8-54 (58 BC) Campaign against Ariovistus
After defeating the Helvetians, Caesar then turns his forces against Ariovistus and the Germans in Eastern Gaul and drdives them across the Rhine river.
BOOK 2 (57 BC)  Campaign against the Belgians.
The Belgian Gauls amass forces to resist the Romans, and Caesar marches toward them.  The Remi, a Belgic tribe, agree to assist Caesar.  The fighting that ensues, particularly with the Belgian Nervii, is among the fiercest in the entire Gallic War.  The Romans emerge victorious

BOOK 3 (56 BC) Campaign against the Veneti
As troops under Serevius Galba fend off attacks by Gauls in the Alps, the Veneti, a tribe in northwest Gaul on the coast of the Atlantic, seize and imprison Roman envoys.  Caesar’s response is to fight the seaworthy Veneti on the Atlantic ocean, capture their fortresses, and execute their leaders for seizing the Roman envoys.  In the meantime,the quaestor Marcus Crassus defeats the Aquitani to the south.
BOOK 4:1-23 (55 BC)  Caesar Bridges the Rhine
The Suebi along with other Germanic tirbes, the Usipetes and Tencteri, venture west across the Rhine Sinto Belgian territory to avoid the fierce Germanic Suevi.  After negotiations, Caesar repulses the Germans, builds a bridge to span the Rhine within ten days, and after brief skirmishes returnes to Gaul.

Th 1/23
BOOK 4:24-35 (55 BC)
 CAESAR IN BRITAIN
In late August, Caesar makes his initial expedition to Britain

DBG IV.24
The Britons approach the Romans as they land
Wheelock 19: Perfect Passive

FOUR


T 1/28
DBG IV.25
The Romans land and give chase to the Britons

W 1/29
DBG IV.26
Freeman IV:  Consul
Th 1/30
DBG IV.27
The Britons seek peace, and the Roman cavalry is delayed
Wheelock 20: 4th Declension



FIVE


T 2/4
DBG IV.28

W 2/5
DBG IV.29
The Roman fleet is damaged in a storm
Freeman V:  Gaul
Th 2/6
DBG IV.30
The Britons attack the Romans
Wheelock 21:  3rd & 4th Conjugations



SIX


T 2/11
DBG IV.31

W 2/13
DBG IV.32
The Britons attack the Romans (II)
Freeman VI:  The Belgae
Th 2/14
DBG IV.33
Wheelock 22:  5th Declension



SEVEN


T 2/18
DBG IV.34
The Britons are defeated by the Romans

W 2/19
DBG IV.35
Freeman VII:  Britain

BOOK 5:1-23 (54 BC) Second Expedition to Britain
After landing in Britain unopposed, he proceeds inland and fights with Britons under the leadership of Cassivellaunus. 

Th 2/20
BOOK 5:24-48
After Caesar subdues Cassivellaunus at Kent, he returns to Gaul.  On account of low grain supplies, the Romans settle into scattered winter-quarters, which are subsequently attacked by the Gauls.  While the forces under the legates Titurius and Cotta are overwhelmed by the leader Ambiorix, those under Cicero and Labienus prevail over the Nervii and Treveri  respectively
DBG V.24
Roman winter-quarters are scattered among the Gauls
Wheelock 23:  Participles



EIGHT


T 2/25
DBG V.25
Tasgetius is killed and Ambiorix revolts

W 2/26
DBG V.26
Ambiorix advises Sabinus to leave the camp
Freeman VIII:  Vercingentorix
Th 2/27
DBG V.27
Sabinus’ officers advise against leaving the camp
Wheelock 24:  Ablative Absolute



NINE


T 3/4
DBG V.28

W 3/5
DBG V.29
BOOK 1:8-54 (58 BC) Campaign against Ariovistus
After defeating the Helvetians, Caesar then turns his forces against Ariovistus and the Germans in Eastern Gaul and drdives them across the Rhine river.
Sabinus argues in favor of leaving the camp
Freeman IX:  Rubicon
Th 3/6
DBG V.30
Cotta argues against leaving the camp, but the Romans depart
Wheelock 25:  Infinitives