Saturday, December 21, 2013

Caesar De Bello Gallico I.1 Course Notes



Latin III:  De Bello Gallico
Instructor:  James Ransom
December 16, 2013
Caesar DBG 1:1
Course Notes
© 2014 James Ransom, M.A., J.D.

[1] 1.         Gallia est omnis divisa in partes tres, quarum unam incolunt Belgae, aliam Aquitani, tertiam qui ipsorum lingua Celtae, nostra Galli appellantur.        
2         Hi omnes lingua, institutis, legibus inter se differunt. Gallos ab Aquitanis Garumna flumen, a Belgis Matrona et Sequana dividit.         3         Horum omnium fortissimi sunt Belgae, propterea quod a cultu atque humanitate provinciae longissime absunt, minimeque ad eos mercatores saepe commeant atque ea quae ad effeminandos animos pertinent important,
4         Proximique sunt Germanis, qui trans Rhenum incolunt, quibuscum continenter bellum gerunt. Qua de causa Helvetii quoque reliquos Gallos virtute praecedunt, quod fere cotidianis proeliis cum Germanis contendunt, cum aut suis finibus eos prohibent aut ipsi in eorum finibus bellum gerunt. 5         Eorum una, pars, quam Gallos obtinere dictum est, initium capit a flumine Rhodano, continetur Garumna flumine, Oceano, finibus Belgarum, attingit etiam ab Sequanis et Helvetiis flumen Rhenum, vergit ad septentriones. 6         Belgae ab extremis Galliae finibus oriuntur, pertinent ad inferiorem partem fluminis Rheni, spectant in septentrionem et orientem solem. 7                  Aquitania a Garumna flumine ad Pyrenaeos montes et eam partem Oceani quae est ad Hispaniam pertinet; spectat inter occasum solis et septentriones.


[1] 1.         Gallia est omnis divisa in partes tres, quarum unam incolunt Belgae, aliam Aquitani, tertiam qui ipsorum lingua Celtae, nostra Galli appellantur.
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Gallia est omnis divisa in partes tres The whole of Gaul is divided into three parts; "est...divisa" is a predicate adjective modifying "Gallia."  "omnis" is nominative singular of the third declension adjectiive omnis, omnis, m/f.  "partes" is accusative plural of the third declension noun pars, partis, f.  "tres" is accusative plural (no singular by definition) of the third declension noun tres, trium
quarum unam incolunt Belgae, aliam Aquitani, tertiam qui ipsorum lingua Celtae, one of which is inhabited by the Belgae, another by the Aquitani, and a third by a people called in their own tongue Celts; "quarum" is genitive feminine plural of the relative pronoun qui, quae, quod.  "incolunt" is third person plural present indicative active of incolo, inxolwew, incolui.  '"ipsorum" is genitive masculine plural of the irregular reflexive pronoun ipse, ipsa, ipsum.  "lingua" is ablative singular of the first declension noun lingua, linguae, f.              nostra Galli appellantur but in ours are called "Gauls"; "appellantur" is third person plural present indicative passive of appello, appellare, appelavi, appellatum.  "nostra" is nominative feminine singular of the first/second declension adjective noster, nostra, nostrum

2         Hi omnes lingua, institutis, legibus inter se differunt. Gallos ab Aquitanis Garumna flumen, a Belgis Matrona et Sequana dividit.
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 Hi omnes lingua, institutis, legibus inter se differunt. All these are different from one another in language, institutions, and laws; the nouns are ablatives of respect.  "Hi" is nominative masculine plural of the demonstrative pronoun hic, haec, hoc"differunt" is third person plural present indicative active of the irregular verb differo, differe, distuli, dilatum. "se":  accusative plural of the reflexive pronoun, controlled by the preposition "inter."  "omnes":  accusative plural of omnis.              Gallos ab Aquitanis Garumna flumen, a Belgis Matrona et Sequana dividit The Gauls are separated from the Aquitani by the Garumna river, from the Belgae by the Matrona [Marne] and Sequana [Seine];  Caesar's economical use of verbs is one facet of his concise style: observe how "dividit" serves double duty here.  "dividit" is third person singular present indicative active of divido, dividere, divisi, divisus.  "ab Aquitanis," "a Belgis":  ablatives of separation. 




3         Horum omnium fortissimi sunt Belgae, propterea quod a cultu atque humanitate provinciae longissime absunt, minimeque ad eos mercatores saepe commeant atque ea quae ad effeminandos animos pertinent important,
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Horum omnium fortissimi sunt Belgae Of all these the most formidable are the Belgae; "Horum" is genitive  plural of the near demonstrative pronoun hic, haec, hoc.  "omnium" is genitive plural of omnis. "fortissimi" is the nominative plural of fortissimus, the superlative of the third declension adjective fortis, fortis, m./f.            

propterea quod a cultu atque humanitate provinciae longissime absunt on account of and because they are most distant from the culture and refinement of the province; "propterea quod"=pleonasm. "propterea" is an indeclinable adverb meaning "therefore, for that reason."  The conjunction "quod" means "because." "a cultu atque humanitate"=ablatives of separation.  "cultu" is ablative singular of the fourth declension noun cultus, cultus, m. "humanitate" is ablative singular of the third declension noun humanitas, humanitatis, f.  "provinciae" is genitive singular of the first declension noun provincia, provinciae, f.  "longissime" is the superlative of the adverb longe, longius, longissime. "absunt" is third person plural present indicative active of the irregular verb absum, abesse, afui, abfuturus

minimeque ad eos mercatores saepe commeant atque ea quae ad effeminandos animos pertinent important and least often visited by merchants marketing those goods which induce effeminacy; "minime"=indeclinable adverb and the superlative of parum, minus, minime, "little, very little, least."  Here "minime" modifies "saepe."  "commeant" is third person plural present indicative active of commeo, commeare, commeavi, commeatum.  "effeminandos":  see Steadman p. 7 note.  "pertinent" is third person plural present indicative active of pertineo, pertinere, pertinui.  "important"is third person plural present indicative active of importo, importare, importavi, importatum. "animos" is accusative plural of the second declension noun animus, animi, m. 



4         Proximique sunt Germanis, qui trans Rhenum incolunt, quibuscum continenter bellum gerunt. Qua de causa Helvetii quoque reliquos Gallos virtute praecedunt, quod fere cotidianis proeliis cum Germanis contendunt, cum aut suis finibus eos prohibent aut ipsi in eorum finibus bellum gerunt.
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Proximique sunt Germanis, qui trans Rhenum incolunt, quibuscum continenter bellum gerunt ...and also because they are nearest to the Germans dug in across the Rhine, against whom they wage constant war; note that Caesar switches from pleonasm to omission of the causal conjunction. "incolunt" is third person plural present indicative active of incolo, incolere, incolui.  "continenter":  continuously, incessantly. "gerunt" is third person plural present indicative active of gero, gerere, gessi, gestum
Qua de causa Helvetii quoque reliquos Gallos virtute praecedunt  For this cause the Helvetii also excel the rest of the Gauls in valor; "praecedunt" is third person plural present indicative active of praecedo, praecedere, praecessi, praecessumvirtute:  ablative of respect.  quod fere cotidianis proeliis cum Germanis contendunt  because they contend daily in skirmishes with the Germans; "contendunt" is third person plural present indicative active of contendo, contendere, contendi, contentus.  cum aut suis finibus eos prohibent aut ipsi in eorum finibus bellum gerunt either defending their own borders or themselves invading German territory;  "suis finibus":  ablative of separation.  "cum...prohibenet...gerunt":  causal with cum +ind.  "suis": reflexive possessive, referring to the Helvetians.  "eos":  i.e. Germans.  "ipsi":  Helvetians. 



5         Eorum una, pars, quam Gallos obtinere dictum est, initium capit a flumine Rhodano, continetur Garumna flumine, Oceano, finibus Belgarum, attingit etiam ab Sequanis et Helvetiis flumen Rhenum, vergit ad septentriones.
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Eorum una, pars, quam Gallos obtinere dictum est The distinct territory which, as already observed, is controlled by the Gauls; "dictum est": see line 2 above.  continetur Garumna flumine, Oceano, finibus Belgarum, attingit etiam ab Sequanis et Helvetiis flumen Rhenum, vergit ad septentriones starts from the river Rhone, and is bounded by the river Garonne, the Ocean, and the territory of the Belgae; moreover, on the side of the Sequani and the Helvetii, it touches the river Rhine; and its general trend is northward; "continetur" is third person singular present indicative active of contineo, continere, continui, contentum"continetur" controls three ablatives of means:  "flumine," "Oceano," and "finibus."  "attingit" is third person singular present indicative active of attingo, attingere, attigi, tactum.  "vergit" is third person singular present indicative active of vergo, vergere, versi



6         Belgae ab extremis Galliae finibus oriuntur, pertinent ad inferiorem partem fluminis Rheni, spectant in septentrionem et orientem solem.
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Belgae ab extremis Galliae finibus oriuntur The Belgae, emerging from the furthest reaches of Gaul;  "oriuntur" is third person plural present indicative active of orior, oriri, ortus 
pertinent ad inferiorem partem fluminis Rheni reach to the lower art of the river Rhine; "pertinent" is third person singular present indicative active of pertineo, pertinere, pertinuispectant in septentrionem et orientem solem.  bearing northeast;  "orientem":  present participle of orior, oriri, ortus

7                  Aquitania a Garumna flumine ad Pyrenaeos montes et eam partem Oceani quae est ad Hispaniam pertinet; spectat inter occasum solis et septentriones.
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Aquitania a Garumna flumine ad Pyrenaeos montes et eam partem Oceani quae est ad Hispaniam pertinet;  Aquitania, starting from the Garonne, reaches to the Pyrenees and to coastal Spain; spectat inter occasum solis et septentriones its bearing is northwest; "inter...occasum solis et septentriones":  lit. "between the falling sun [i.e., the west] and the seven stars [i.e., the north]. 

Wednesday, December 18, 2013

Wheelock Verbs Principal Parts Through Caput XV

CUMULATIVE VERB CHART:  THROUGH WHEELOCK 15
1ST Conjugation
adiuvo
adiuvare
adiuvi
adiutum
amo
amare
amavi
amatum
appello
appellare
appellavi
appellatum
ceno
cenare
cenavi
cenatum
cogito
cogitare
cogitavi
cogitatum
conservo
conservare
conservavi
conservatum
creo
creare
creavi
creatum
culpo
culpare
culpavi
culpatum
demonstro
demonstrare
demonstravi
demonstratum
do
dare
dedi
datum
erro
errare
erravi
erratum
expecto
expectare
expectavi
expectatum
iuvo
iuvare
iuvi
Iutum
laudo
laudare
laudavi
laudatum
muto
mutare
mutavi
mutatum
neco
necare
necavi
necatum
satio
satiare
satiavi
Satiatum
servo
servare
servavi
servatum
sto
stare
steti
statum
supero
superare
superavi
superatum
tolero
tolerare
toleravi
toleratum
vito
vitare
vitavi
vitatum
voco
vocare
vocavi
vocatum
2nd Conjugation
alo
alere
alui
altum
audeo
audere
ausus sum

committo
commitere
commisi
commissum
curro
currere
cucurri
cursum
debeo
debere
debui
debitum
doceo
docere
docui
doctum
diligo
diligere
dilexi
dilectum
habeo
habere
habui
habitum
iungo
iungere
iunxi
iunctum
maneo
manere
mansi
mansum
moneo
monere
monui
monitum
remaneo
remanere
remansi
remansum
teneo
tenere
tenui
tentum
terreo
terrere
terrui
territum
timeo
timere
timui

valeo
valere
valui
valiturum
video
videre
vidi
visum
3rd Conjugation
ago
agere
egi
acrtum
cado
cadere
cecidi
casurum
dico
dicere
dixi
dictum
disco
discere
didici

duco
ducere
duxi
ductum
gero
gerere
gessi
gestum
intellego
intellegere
intellexi
intellectum
mitto
mittere
misi
missum
scribo
scribere
scripsi
scriptum
traho
trahere
traxi
tractum
vinco
vincere
vici
victum
vivo
vivere
vixi
victum
3rd Conjugation –io
capio
capere
cepit
captum
facio
facere
feci
factum
fugio
fugere
fugi
fugiturum
iacio
iacere
ieci
iactum
4th Conjugation
audio
audire
audivi
auditum
invenio
invenire
inveni
inventum
sentio
sentiure
sensi
sensum
venio
venire
veni
ventum
Irregular

possum
posse
potui

sum
esse
fui
futurus